Crystal structures of sglt2 inhibitors and processes for preparing same

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to physical crystal structures of a compound of the formula I:  
                 
 
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 2a , R 3  and R 4  are as defined herein, especially  
                 
pharmaceutical compositions containing structures of compound I or II, processes for preparing same, intermediates used in preparing same, and methods of treating diseases such as diabetes using such structures.

This application claims a benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/817,118, filed Jun. 28, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to free acid polymorphic crystal structures of SGLT2 Inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, process for preparing such crystal structures, and methods of treating disorders, such as diabetes, therewith.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Approximately 100 million people worldwide suffer from type II diabetes (NIDDM), which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to excessive hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin resistance, the root causes for which are as yet unknown. Consistent control of plasma glucose levels in diabetes patients may offset the development of diabetic complications and beta cell failure seen in advanced disease.

Plasma glucose is normally filtered in the kidney in the glomerulus and actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Ninety percent of glucose reuptake in the kidney occurs in the epithelial cells of the early S1 segment of the renal cortical proximal tubule. SGLT2, a 672 amino acid protein containing 14 membrane-spanning segments that is predominantly expressed in the early S1 segment of the renal proximal tubules, is likely to be the major transporter responsible for this reuptake. The substrate specificity, sodium dependence, and localization of SGLT2 are consistent with the properties of the high capacity, low affinity, sodium-dependent glucose transporter previously characterized in human cortical kidney proximal tubules. In addition, hybrid depletion studies implicate SGLT2 as the predominant Na⁺/glucose cotransporter in the S1 segment of the proximal tubule, since virtually all Na-dependent glucose transport activity encoded in mRNA from rat kidney cortex is inhibited by an antisense oligonucleotide specific to rat SGLT2. In humans, mutations in SGLT2 have been associated with familial forms of renal glucosuria, providing further evidence of the primary role of SGLT2 in renal glucose reabsorption. In such patients, renal morphology and renal function is otherwise normal. Inhibition of SGLT2 would be predicted to reduce plasma glucose levels via enhanced glucose excretion in diabetic patients.

Selective inhibition of SGLT2 in diabetic patients could normalize plasma glucose by enhancing the excretion of glucose in the urine, thereby improving insulin sensitivity, and delaying the development of diabetic complications, in the absence of significant gastrointestinal side effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to crystal structures of a compound of the formula I

pharmaceutical compositions containing crystal structures of compound I, including the (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) structure Ia which is form SC-3

the (R)-propylene glycol ((R)-PG) structure Ib which is form SD-3

the ethanol or mono-ethanol dihydrate structure Ic which is form SA-1

the ethylene glycol structure Id which is form SB-1

the ethylene glycol structure Ie which is form SB-2

processes for preparing such crystal structures;

the 1:2 crystalline complex with L-proline structure Ih which is form 3

the 1:1 crystalline complex with L-proline structure Ii which is form 6

the hemihydrate of the 1:1 crystalline complex with L-proline structure Ij which is form H.5-2

the 1:1 crystalline complex with L-phenylalanine structure Ik which is form 2

methods of treating diabetes and related diseases using the crystal structures of the compound I, compound Ia, compound Ib, compound Ih, compound Ii, compound Ij and compound Ik, and compound II as defined herein.

The compound of formula I in the form of a non-crystalline solid is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,117, the disclosure of which in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference.

In addition, in another aspect of the invention, a crystalline of compound If which has the structure

(also referred to as the “1,4-butyne-diol solvate” or “butyne-diol solvate”); and

a process for preparing such crystal structure and using such crystal structure to prepare crystalline compound Ia (S)-PG are also provided.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a crystalline compound Ig which has the structure

also referred to as the “dimethanol solvate”, and a process for preparing the dimethanol solvate Ig and using Ig to prepare crystalline compound Ia (S)-PG are also provided.

The dimethanol solvate Ig and the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may be used as intermediates in the preparation of crystalline compound of formula I of the invention.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a process for the preparation of the crystalline compound (S)-PG of the structure Ia (SC-3 form) is provided

which includes the steps of providing a compound A (prepared as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003, Examples 17 to 20), of the structure

treating compound A with an alcohol solvent such as methanol or ethanol, and aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide, and water, if necessary, under an inert atmosphere, and elevated temperature, if necessary, adding an acid such as hydrochloric acid to neutralize the reaction mixture, to form compound I of the structure

and treating the reaction mixture containing compound I with an organic solvent such as methyl t-butyl ether, an alkyl acetate such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or butyl acetate, and (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of (S)-PG compound Ia (SC-3) to the mixture, to form (S)-PG compound Ia (SC-3 form).

In still another aspect of the present invention, a process for preparing the crystalline compound (R)-PG of the structure Ib (SD-3 form)

is provided which is similar to the process for preparing (S)-PG (SC-3 form) Ia described above except that (R)-propylene glycol is employed in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

In still another aspect of the invention, a novel process is provided for preparing compound Ia

which includes the step of reducing a compound B of the structure

to remove the methoxy group by treating compound B (prepared as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003, Example 17), or a crystalline solvate such as the dimethanol solvate Ig or the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate (If), with a reducing agent, such as triethylsilyl hydride and an activating group which is a Lewis acid such as BF₃.Et₂O or BF₃.2CH₃COOH, preferably BF₃.2CH₃COOH, and an organic solvent such as CH₃CN, and added water, separating out the compound of the structure I

and treating compound I with (S)-propylene glycol in the presence of a solvent such as t-butylmethyl ether, optionally with seeds of compound Ia ((S)-PG), to form a crystal slurry of compound Ia ((S)-PG) and separating out compound Ia ((S)-PG).

The above process of the invention is a one-pot operation which minimizes the production of intermediates, resulting in improved yield and priority of the final crystalline compound Ia.

The crystalline compound Ia which is also referred to as the (S)-propylene glycol solvate of compound I is a novel crystalline structure and is part of the present invention.

The compound of formula B (amorphous form) is disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003, the disclosure of which in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference.

In another aspect of the present invention, a process is provided for preparing the mono-EtOH-dihydrate (ethanol or EtOH structure) form SA-1 having the structure Ic

which includes the steps of dissolving compound I in ethanol and cooling the solution to −20° C. to form crystals of formula Ic form SA-1.

Compound I may be prepared by dissolving compound A in ethanol by preferably heating to a boil to form an oily product which is compound I.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, a process is provided for forming the ethylene glycol dihydrate structure of formula Id

which includes the steps of dissolving compound I in aqueous ethylene glycol preferably with heating,

optionally, upon cooling, adding seeds of the (S)-propylene glycol crystal form SC-3 (Ia) to the above solution, and recovering crystals of ethylene glycol dihydrate form SB-1 (Id).

In an additional embodiment of the invention, a process is provided for forming the ethylene glycol dihydrate structure form SB-2

which includes the steps of:

dissolving compound I in aqueous ethylene glycol, preferably with heating;

optionally, upon cooling, adding seeds of the mono-EtOH-dihydrate crystal form SA-1 (Ic) to the above solution; and

recovering crystals of ethylene glycol dihydrate form SB-2 (Ie).

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a process is provided for preparing the crystalline 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If

which includes the steps of dissolving the base compound B

in an alkyl acetate such as ethyl acetate, propyl acetate or butyl acetate or an alcohol such as isopropanol or butanol, or water, adding 2-butyne-1,4-diol to the solution of compound B, heating the resulting mixture until the diol dissolves, cooling the mixture, and recovering crystals of 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If. Toluene or heptane may be employed as an antisolvent when the solvate If is crystallized in an alkyl acetate.

The 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If can be isolated and used to prepare compound I or compound Ia in a continuous process or batch process as described hereinafter.

In addition, in another aspect of the present invention, a process for preparing the crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig is provided

wherein the base compound B

is treated with methanol to form the crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig.

Still further in accordance with the invention, a process is provided for preparing the crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig wherein the base compound B is dissolved in a mixture of methanol/toluene or in a mixture of methanol/toluene/heptane, or in a mixture of methanol/toluene/ethyl acetate or other alkyl acetate, with seeding with seeds of dimethanol solvate Ig.

The dimethanol solvate Ig and the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may be used to prepare crystalline compound Ia as described herein.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a process for the preparation of the crystalline 1:2 complex with L-proline of the structure Ih (form 3) is provided

which includes the steps of providing compound I of the structure

forming a solution of L-proline in water and an alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol heated to a temperature within the range from about 70 to about 95° C., treating compound I in an alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol, with the heated solution of L-proline (containing two times the number of moles of L-proline as compound I), and cooling the resulting solution to about room temperature to form compound Ih.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a process for preparing the crystalline compound 1:1 complex with L proline of the structure Ii (form 6) is provided

which includes the steps of providing compound I, treating a solution of compound I in an alcohol solvent such as ethanol or methanol with a boiling solution of L-proline in an alcohol/water solvent such as ethanol/water (employing about five times as much compound I as L-proline), and cooling the resulting mixture (for example to from about −10 to about −25° C.) to form compound Ii.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a process for the preparation of the crystalline hemihydrate of the 1:1 complex with L-proline of the structure Ij (form H.5-2) which has the structure

is provided which includes the steps of providing seed crystals of the 1:1 complex with L-proline (structure Ii, form 6), mixing the seed crystals Ii, form 6 with a cooled solution of (−10 to −25° C.) of L-proline and compound I in an alcohol/water solvent, and cooling the resulting mixture at a temperature from about −10 to −25° C. to form the hemihydrate structure Ij (form H.5-2).

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a process for preparing the 1:1 crystalline complex with L-phenylalanine structure Ik form 2

is provided, which includes the steps of forming a solution of L-phenylalanine in water heated at from about 75 to about 85° C., mixing the L-phenylalanine solution with compound I, heating the resulting solution to from about 75 to about 85° C., and allowing the resulting solution to cool to room temperature to form compound Ik.

Another aspect of the invention relates to crystal structures of a compound of the formula II

which is also referred to as the (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) crystalline structure II, wherein:

R¹, R² and R^(2a) are independently hydrogen, OH, OR⁵, alkyl, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —SR^(5a) or halogen;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, OH, OR^(5b), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, CF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, halogen, —CONR⁶R^(6a), —CO₂R^(5c), —CO₂H, COR^(6b), —CH(OH)R^(6c), —CH(OR^(5d))R^(6d), —CN, —NHCOR^(5e), —NHSO₂R^(5f), —NHSO₂Aryl, —SR^(5g), —SOR^(5h)—SO₂R^(5i)—SO₂Aryl, or a five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 or 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂, or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbons to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered carbocycle or heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂;

R⁵, R^(5a), R^(5b), R^(5c), R^(5d), R^(5e), R^(5f), R^(5g), R^(5h) and R^(5i) are independently alkyl; and

R⁶, R^(6a), R^(6b), R^(6c) and R^(5d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl, or R⁶ and R^(6a) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂.

In addition, in accordance with the invention, pharmaceutical compositions containing a crystal structure of compound II and processes for preparing such crystal structure II are also provided.

Still another aspect of the invention relates to crystal structures of a compound of the formula III

which is also referred to as the (R)-propylene glycol ((R)-PG) crystalline structure III, wherein

R¹, R² and R^(2a) are independently hydrogen, OH, OR⁵, alkyl, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —SR^(5a) or halogen;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, OH, OR^(5b), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, CF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, halogen, —CONR⁶R^(6a), —CO₂R^(5c), —CO₂H, COR^(6b), —CH(OH)R^(6c), —CH(OR^(5d))R^(6d), —CN, —NHCOR^(5e), —NHSO₂R^(5f), —NHSO₂Aryl, —SR^(5g), —SOR^(5h)—SO₂R^(5i)—SO₂Aryl, or a five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂, or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbons to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered carbocycle or heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂;

R⁵, R^(5a), R^(5b), R^(5c), R^(5d), R^(5e), R^(5f), R^(5g), R^(5h) and R^(5i) are independently alkyl; and

R⁶, R^(6a), R^(6b), R^(6c) and R^(5d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl, or R⁶ and R^(6a) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂.

In addition, in accordance with the invention, pharmaceutical compositions containing crystal structure of compound III and to processes for preparing such crystal structure III are also provided.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a process for the preparation of the crystalline compound (S)-PG of the structure II is provided which includes the steps of providing a compound C (including where R³ or R⁴ is alkenyl or alkynyl, all of which may be prepared using procedures as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003, Examples 17 to 20), of the structure

wherein R¹, R², R^(2a), R³ and R⁴ are as described above;

treating compound C with an alcohol solvent such as methanol, and aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide, and water, if necessary, under an inert atmosphere, and elevated temperature to form compound D of the structure

and treating the reaction mixture containing compound D with an organic solvent such as methyl t-butyl ether, an alkyl acetate such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or butyl acetate, and (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of (S)-PG compound II to the mixture, to form (S)-PG compound II.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a process for preparing the crystalline compound (R)-PG of the structure III

is provided which is similar to the process for preparing (S)-PG II described above except that (R)-propylene glycol is employed in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

In still another aspect of the invention, a novel process is provided for preparing compound II

which includes the step of reducing a compound E of the structure

(which is disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003) to remove the methoxy group by treating compound E with a reducing agent, such as triethylsilyl hydride and an activating group which is a Lewis acid such as BF₃.Et₂O, and an organic solvent such as CH₃CN, and water, separating out the compound of the structure D and treating compound D with (S)-propylene glycol in the presence of a solvent such as t-butylmethyl ether, optionally with seeds of compound II ((S)-PG), to form a crystal slurry of compound II ((S)-PG) and separating out compound II ((S)-PG).

The above process of the invention is a one-pot operation which minimizes the production of intermediates.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention is illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings described below.

FIG. 1 shows calculated (simulated at 25° C.) and observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the (S)-PG crystalline structure Ia, SC-3 form.

FIG. 2 shows observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the (R)-PG crystalline structure lb.

FIG. 3 shows ¹³C NMR CPMAS spectrum for the (S)-PG crystalline structure Ia SC-3 form.

FIG. 4 shows ¹³C NMR CPMAS spectrum for the (R)-PG crystalline structure of Ib.

FIG. 5 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the (S)-PG crystalline structure of Ia, SC-3 form.

FIG. 6 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the (R)-PG crystalline structure of Ib, SD-3 form.

FIG. 7 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the (S)-PG crystalline structure of the compound of form Ia, SC-3 form.

FIG. 8 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the (R)-PG crystalline structure of Ib.

FIG. 9 shows an observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate crystalline structure If.

FIG. 10 shows an observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the dimethanol solvate crystalline structure Ig.

FIG. 11 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate crystalline structure If.

FIG. 12 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the dimethanol solvate crystalline structure of Ib.

FIG. 13 shows calculated (simulated at −40° C.), hybrid (at room temperature) and observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the 1:2 L-proline complex crystalline structure Ih, form 3, N−1.

FIG. 14 shows calculated (simulated at −40° C.), hybrid (at room temperature) and observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the 1:1 L-proline complex crystalline structure Ii, form 6, N−1.

FIG. 15 shows calculated (simulated at −40° C.), hybrid (at room temperature) and observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate crystalline structure Ij, form H.5-2.

FIG. 16 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the 1:2 L-proline complex crystalline structure of Ih, form 3, N−1.

FIG. 17 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the 1:1 L-proline complex crystalline structure of Ii, form 6, N−1.

FIG. 18 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate crystalline structure Ij, form H.5-2.

FIG. 19 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the 1:2 L-proline complex crystalline structure Ih, form 3, N−1.

FIG. 20 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the 1:1 L-proline crystalline complex structure of Ii, form 6, N−1.

FIG. 21 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate crystalline structure Ij, form H.5-2.

FIG. 22 is a schematic representation of a continuous reaction set-up.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, at least in part, crystalline structures of compound I as a novel material.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable”, as used herein, refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. In certain preferred embodiments, the crystalline structures of compound I of the invention is in substantially pure form. The term “substantially pure”, as used herein, means a compound having a purity greater than about 90% including, for example, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, and about 100%.

The ability of a compound to exist in different crystal structures is known as polymorphism. As used herein “polymorph” refers to crystalline forms having the same chemical composition but different spatial arrangements of the molecules, atoms, and/or ions forming the crystal. While polymorphs have the same chemical composition, they differ in packing and geometrical arrangement, and may exhibit different physical properties such as melting point, shape, color, density, hardness, deformability, stability, dissolution, and the like. Depending on their temperature-stability relationship, two polymorphs may be either monotropic or enantiotropic. For a monotropic system, the relative stability between the two solid phases remains unchanged as the temperature is changed. In contrast, in an enantiotropic system there exists a transition temperature at which the stability of the two phases reverse. (Theory and Origin of Polymorphism in “Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids” (1999) ISBN:)-8247-0237).

Samples of the crystalline structures of the invention may be provided with substantially pure phase homogeneity, indicating the presence of a dominant amount of a single crystalline structure and optionally minor amounts of one or more other crystalline structures. The presence of more than one crystalline structure of the invention in a sample may be determined by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) or solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR). For example, the presence of extra peaks in the comparison of an experimentally measured PXRD pattern (observed) with a simulated PXRD pattern (calculated) may indicate more than one crystalline structure in the sample. The simulated PXRD may be calculated from single crystal X-ray data. (see Smith, D. K., “A FORTRAN Program for Calculating X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns,” Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., UCRL-7196, April 1963; see also Yin. S., Scaringe, R. P., DiMarco, J., Galella, M. and Gougoutas, J. Z., American Pharmaceutical Review, 2003, 6, 2, 80). Preferably, the crystalline structure has substantially pure phase homogeneity as indicated by less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, and more preferably less than 2% of the total peak area in the experimentally measured PXRD pattern arising from the extra peaks that are absent from the simulated PXRD pattern. Most preferred is a crystalline structure of the invention having substantially pure phase homogeneity with less than 1% of the total peak area in the experimentally measured PXRD pattern arising from the extra peaks that are absent from the simulated PXRD pattern.

The various crystalline structures of the invention described herein may be distinguishable from one another through the use of various analytical techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and/or thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Preparation of Crystal Structures

The crystalline structures of the invention may be prepared by a variety of methods, including for example, crystallization or recrystallization from a suitable solvent, sublimation, growth from a melt, solid state transformation from another phase, crystallization from a supercritical fluid, and jet spraying. Techniques for crystallization or recrystallization of crystalline structures from a solvent mixture include, for example, evaporation of the solvent, decreasing the temperature of the solvent mixture, crystal seeding a supersaturated solvent mixture of the molecule and/or salt, freeze drying the solvent mixture, and addition of antisolvents (counter solvents) to the solvent mixture. High throughput crystallization techniques may be employed to prepare crystalline structures, including polymorphs.

Crystals of drugs, including polymorphs, methods of preparation, and characterization of drug crystals are discussed in Solid-State Chemistry of Drugs, S. R. Byrn, R. R. Pfeiffer, and J. G. Stowell, 2^(nd) Edition, SSCI, West Lafayette, Ind., 1999.

Seed crystals may be added to any crystallization mixture to promote crystallization. As will be clear to the skilled artisan, seeding is used as a means of controlling growth of a particular crystalline structure or as a means of controlling the particle size distribution of the crystalline product. Accordingly, calculation of the amount of seeds needed depends on the size of the seed available and the desired size of an average product particle as described, for example, in “Programmed cooling of batch crystallizers,” J. W. Mullin and J. Nyvlt, Chemical Engineering Science, 1971, 26, 369-377. In general, seeds of small size are needed to effectively control the growth of crystals in the batch. Seeds of small size may be generated by sieving, milling, or micronizing of larger crystals, or by micro-crystallization of solutions. Care should be taken that milling or micronizing of crystals does not result in any change in crystallinity from the desired crystal structure (i.e. change to amorphous or to another polymorph).

As used herein, the term “room temperature” or “RT” denotes an ambient temperature from 20 to 25° C. (68-77° F.).

In general, in preparing crystalline compound Ia as described below, solvent(s) will be employed to enable formation of the crystalline compound Ia, preferably having a bulk density as described below.

The crystalline compound of the structure Ia (S-PG) SC-3 of the invention prepared according to the following telescoped reaction as shown in Scheme I.

As seen in Scheme I, compound B or If or Ig (collectively referred to as compound B) wherein compound B in the form of an amorphous solid or crystalline solid (If or Ig) is treated with a reducing agent such as a silyl hydride, preferably an alkylsilyl hydride, more preferably triethylsilane (or triethylsilyl hydride), in the presence of an activating group which is a Lewis acid, such as BCl₃.Me₂S, BBr₃, BF₃OEt₂, BCl₃, or BF₃.2CH₃COOH, preferably BF₃OEt₂ or BF₃.2CH₃COOH and an organic solvent such as CH₃CN, CH₃CN/toluene or CH₃CN/dichloromethane, methylene chloride or water, at a temperature within the range from about −15 to about 25° C., preferably from about 5 to about 10° C., to reduce compound B and form the corresponding base compound I

which is separated from the reaction mixture and treated with (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) and an organic solvent such as an alkyl acetate as set out hereinbefore, preferably isopropyl acetate, or t-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), and optionally seeds of compound ((S)-PG) Ia (molar ratio of seeds Ia:compound B within the range from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 3%), to form a crystal slurry of compound ((S)-PG) Ia and separating out crystalline compound ((S)-PG) Ia from the crystal slurry.

In carrying out the above telescoped reaction of Scheme I, the silyl reducing agent will be employed in a molar ratio to compound B within the range from about 1.2:1 to about 4.5:1, preferably from about 2:1 to about 4:1, while the activating group (Lewis acid) will be employed in a molar ratio to the silyl reducing agent within the range from about 1.2:1 to about 4.5:1, preferably from about 2:1 to about 4:1. (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) will be employed in a molar ratio to compound B within the range from about 0.9:1 to about 1.5:1, preferably from about 0.98:1 to about 1.2:1; water will be employed in a molar ratio to the (S)-PG within the range from about 0.95:1 to about 5:1, preferably from about 0.99:1 to about 2:1.

The crystalline compound of the structure Ia ((S)-PG) form SC-3 of the invention may also be prepared according to the reaction Scheme II set out below.

wherein compound A is treated with an alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, preferably methanol, water and aqueous base such as an alkali metal hydroxide such as NaOH, KOH or LiOH, preferably NaOH, preferably under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, at an elevated temperature within the range from about 50 to about 85° C., preferably from about 60 to about 80° C. to form compound I.

The aqueous base will be employed in a molar ratio of compound A within the range from about 3.5:1 to about 5.5:1, preferably from about 3:1 to about 5:1.

The reaction mixture containing compound I is treated with an organic solvent such as methyl-butyl ether (MTBE) or an alkyl acetate as described above, preferably isopropyl acetate, or MTBE, to separate out compound I which is treated with (S)-propylene glycol to form a thick slurry containing crystalline product Ia (S)-PG, form SC-3. Optionally, seeds of compound ((S)-PG) Ia are added to the reaction mixture. The crystalline compound Ia is separated from the slurry employing conventional procedures, for example, the slurry of compound Ia is treated with an organic solvent such as cyclohexane, iso-octane or methyl cyclohexane, preferably cyclohexane, and crystalline compound Ia is recovered.

In carrying out the formation of compound Ia, the (S)-PG is employed in a molar ratio to compound I with the range from about 0.9:1 to about 1.5:1, preferably from about 0.98:1 to about 1.2:1.

As indicated herein before, the (R)-propylene glycol solvate Ib of compound I may be prepared in a manner similar to the corresponding (S)-propylene glycol solvate Ia except that (R)-propylene glycol is used in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

The process of the invention for preparing the mono-EtOH-dihydrate (ethanol or EtOH/structure) form SA-1 (compound Ic) is shown in Scheme III below.

wherein compound A is dissolved in ethanol by heating to a boil then adding water in volume ratio to the ethanol within the range from about 1:1 to about 3:1, preferably from about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1. Ethanol is added and the mixture cooled to a temperature with the range from about −10° C. to about −30° C., preferably from about −15° C. to about −25° C. Compound Ic is recovered as crystals of the mono-EtOH-di-hydrate.

The process of the invention for preparing the ethylene glycol dihydrate structures form SB-1 and form SB-2 (compounds Id and Ie, respectively), is carried out as follows.

Compound Id form SB-1 is prepared by dissolving compound A in aqueous ethylene glycol (water: ethylene glycol from about 1:1 to about 0.4:1, preferably from about 0.7:1 to about 0.5:1), by heating at a temperature within the range from about 35 to about 55° C., preferably from about 40 to about 50° C., for about 1.5 to about 2 hours, preferably from about 0.30 min to about 1 hours. The mixture is cooled to a temperature within the range from about 10 to about 22° C., preferably from about 14 to about 16° C., and seeds of the mono-EtOH-dihydrate crystals Ic or ethylene glycol dihydrate crystals form SB-1 Id are added in a molar ratio to compound A within the range from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3%, to form the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-1 Id.

In accordance with the present invention, the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-2 Ie is formed by dissolving compound A in aqueous ethylene glycol (water: ethylene glycol from about 1:1 to about 0.4:1, preferably from about 0.7:1 to about 0.5:1), by heating at a temperature within the range from about 35 to about 55° C., preferably from about 40 to about 50° C., for about 1.5 to about 2 hours, preferably from about 0.30 min to about 1 hour. The mixture is cooled to a temperature within the range from about 10 to about 30° C., preferably from about 20 to about 25° C., and seeds of the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystals form SB-2 Ie are added in a molar ratio to compound A within the range from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3%, to form the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-2 Ie.

The process of the invention for preparing the crystalline form of compound B, that is If, is carried out in accordance with Scheme IV set out below.

The crystalline 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If of the invention is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme IV.

wherein non-crystalline compound B (which may be prepared as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003 or in U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,117), preferably in substantially pure form (for example 50 to 100% pure), is mixed with toluene/alkyl acetate (such as ethyl acetate), and the mixture heated to a temperature within the range from about 50 to about 70° C., preferably from about 55 to about 65° C., 2-butyne-1,4-diol is added and heated as above until the diol dissolves, seeds of compound If are added, and the mixture cooled to form crystals of compound If.

In an alternative process for preparing crystalline compound If, compound B is dissolved in an alkyl acetate (such as butyl acetate) or an alkyl acetate/heptane (0.5:1 to 1.5:1) mixture at an elevated temperature within the range from about 50 to about 70° C., preferably from about 55 to about 65° C., 1,4-butyne-diol is added, and the mixture is cooled to room temperature to form crystals of compound If.

In a preferred embodiment, compound If is crystallized from a mixture of compound B and toluene/alkyl acetate (preferably ethyl acetate) containing a volume ratio of toluene to alkyl acetate within the range from about 1:1 to about 19:1, preferably from about 4:1 to about 9:1. The mixture of toluene/alkyl acetate will include sufficient toluene to provide a molar ratio with compound B within the range from about 40:1 to about 90:1, preferably from about 60:1 to about 80:1, so as to enable formation of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If.

The crystallization to form 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may be more easily effectuated employing seed crystals of compound If in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% based on the weight of starting compound B.

In another preferred embodiment, compound If (which may or may not be purified) is crystallized from a mixture of compound B and alkyl acetate/heptane (preferably butyl acetate/toluene) optionally with seeding with seeds of crystalline compound If employing from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% seeds of If based on the weight of starting compound B. The alkyl acetate will be employed in a volume ratio with heptane within the range from about 0.5:1 to about 2:1, preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:1.5.

The crystalline 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may also be prepared in a continuous process as shown in Scheme IVA.

The synthesis of solvate If involves two sequential steps with compound E and compound D: (1) Lithiation of compound E to generate a lithiated intermediate G, and (2) coupling of the lithiated intermediate G with compound D.

Referring now to FIG. 22, a schematic process flow diagram (similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,015 which is incorporated herein by reference), is shown. In this embodiment, the entire process for preparing compound If as shown in Scheme IVA is performed under non-cryogenic conditions. An aromatic reactant E having a group suitable for Li and halogen exchange is stored in a first vessel 1 at room temperature. A lithium reagent Q is fed into a second vessel 2, also at room temperature. The aromatic reactant E and the lithium reagent Q are transferred from the vessels 1 and 2 via pumps 3 and 4, respectively, to a first jacketed static mixer 5. The temperature of a reaction to produce a lithiated anion species is regulated at from about −30° C. to about 20° C., in the first mixer 5 by a chiller 6.

The lithiated anion species G thus formed is fed directly from the first mixer 5 to a second static mixer 22 along a conventional transfer line 19. A carbonyl substituted reactant D is fed into a third vessel 20 at room temperature and is transferred via pump 21 through chiller 26 where it is chilled to a temperature within the range from about −10 to about −30° C., and then passed to the second jacketed static mixer 22. A reaction to produce a glycoside product H is regulated in the second mixer 22 by a second chiller 23.

Further processing under glycosidation conditions occurs where H is fed into a conventional reactor 25 where it is treated with acid in an alcohol solvent, preferably MSA/MeOH or HCl/MeOH, to form H′ (desilylated hemiketal) which further converts to glycoside B. Further additional work-up and back extraction and crystallization with 2-butyne-1,4-diol (J) in toluene/EtOAc produces crystalline product If. The reactor 25 may be maintained at room or other non-cryogenic temperature during the course of any subsequent reactions.

The lithium reagent used is desirably an organo lithium reagent. Suitable organo lithium reagents include n-BuLi, s-BuLi and t-BuLi. Others will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art.

After completion of the reaction, the desired product If can be isolated and purified according to techniques widely known in the field of organic chemistry (e.g. precipitation, solvent extraction, recrystallization, and chromatography). The deprotected compound If may itself be a useful intermediate or end product. The compound If may be further reacted to obtain pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition or base salts thereof using methods that will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art.

Temperature and reaction time are two important parameters in the continuous process design shown in Scheme IVA: the lithiation can be operated continuously from −30° C. (or lower) up to 20° C. (or higher), preferably from about −17° to about −10° C., with minutes to seconds of reaction time. For the subsequent coupling reaction, the stream of lithiated derivative G is further mixed with the compound D stream (the third feed) in a mixer. The mixed flow can be then sent to a flow reactor if extra reaction time is needed for completion. The coupling reaction can be operated continuously at higher temperatures from −30° C. to −10° C. (or higher), preferably from about −30° to about −20° C., with minutes to seconds of reaction time. The coupling stream is then sent to a batch reactor for further reactions as described herein. With continuous processing, both lithiation and coupling reactions can be well integrated and operated at higher temperatures utilizing smaller flow reactors with efficient temperature control, compared with cryogenic batch reactors on scale.

The operating temperature of continuous lithiation in the above process can be as high as 20° C. (not limited to), preferably −17 to −10° C., while generating >95 RAP, of the desired lithiated intermediate G.

In the coupling reaction, the coupling product from the above process at −20° C. to −30° C., preferably ranged in 70-79 RAP.

Compound If may be employed to prepare crystalline intermediate A as shown in Scheme IVB.

Referring to Scheme IVB, solid compound If, solid DMAP, liquid acetonitrile, and liquid acetic anhydride are heated to a temperature within the range from about 70 to about 85° C. and held until reaction is complete.

The batch is cooled (e.g. 5° C.). Triethylsilane and boron trifluoride acetic acid complex or other Lewis acid (as described with respect to Scheme I) are added to the reaction mixture. After completion of the reaction, acetone or other solvent is added. The batch is warmed (for example from about 20 to about 30° C.) and held until triethylsilane is consumed. Aqueous NH₄OAc is added and the batch is mixed, and allowed to settle until upper and lower phases form. Batch volume of product in the rich upper phase is reduced by distilling off acetonitrile to minimum agitation. SDA3A Ethanol is added at elevated temperature (>60° C.).

The product A crystallizes out by cooling or cooling with seeding (5 wt % based on compound If wet-milled, nitrogen jet milled, or a previous batch).

The product is recrystallized as either a wet or dry cake from SDA3A ethanol.

The crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig of the invention is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme V.

wherein non-crystalline compound B (which may be prepared as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/745,075 filed Dec. 23, 2003 or in U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,117), preferably in substantially pure form (50 to 100% pure), is dissolved in methanol, a mixture of methanol/toluene, or a mixture of methanol/toluene/heptane, a mixture of methanol/methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)/heptane, or a mixture of methanol/toluene/ethyl acetate or other alkyl acetate with stirring, to form a white slurry containing crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig. The crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig may be recovered from the slurry using conventional procedures, such as filtration.

The above process may be carried out at room temperature, although elevated temperatures of up to about 20-25° C. may be employed to enhance crystallization.

In a preferred embodiment, compound Ig is crystallized from a mixture of methanol/toluene containing a volume ratio of methanol to toluene within the range from about 6:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 3:1 to about 5:1. The mixture of methanol/toluene will include sufficient methanol to provide a molar ratio with compound B within the range from about 80:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 40:1 to about 20:1, so as to enable formation of the dimethanol solvate Ig.

The crystallization to form dimethanol solvate Ig may be more easily effectuated employing seed crystals of compound Ig in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% based on the weight of starting compound B.

In another preferred embodiment, compound Ig (which may or may not be purified) is crystallized from a mixture of methanol/toluene/heptane with seeding with seeds of crystalline compound Ig employing from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% based on the weight of starting compound B. The methanol will be employed in a volume ratio with toluene within the range from about 1:0.5 to about 1:6, preferably from about 1:1.5 to about 1:2.5, and a volume ratio of heptane:toluene within the range from about 2:1 to about 0.5:1, preferably from about 1.3:1 to about 0.5:1.

The crystalline complex 1:2 L-proline Ih of the invention is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme VI.

wherein a solution of L-proline in water is heated to a temperature within the range from about 70 to about 90° C. and an alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, preferably isopropyl alcohol, is added. A solution of compound I is added to the above L-proline solution (which is stirred), wherein compound I is employed in a molar ratio to L-proline of about 0.5:1. The solution is cooled slowly to room temperature during which time solids form. The solution is filtered to remove solids which are washed with alcohol solvent. The solids are dried and recovered in the form of a white solid which is the 1:2 L-proline crystalline complex Ih, form 3, N−1.

The crystalline 1:1 L-proline complex Ii of the invention is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme VII.

A solution of L-proline in ethanol/water is heated to boiling and a solution of compound I in ethanol or other alcohol solvent is added. The resulting solution is cooled from −10 to −25° C. at which time solids form, which solids are the 1:1 crystalline complex with L-proline Ii which is recovered employing convention procedures. In carrying out the above procedure for preparing the 1:1 L-proline complex Ii, the L-proline is employed in a molar ratio to compound I within the range from about 1:4 to about 1:6.

The crystalline L-proline hemihydrate complex Ij of the invention is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme VIII.

wherein a solution of L-proline and compound I (4.34 g, 10 mmol) in ethanol/water is heated to 70° C. to give a clear solution. The resulting solution is cooled from −20 to −25° C. and seed crystals of 1:1 complex with L-proline Ii are added. After 3 days at −20° C., solids are collected via filtration, and the filter cake is washed with cold (−20° C.) ethanol. The resulting solids are suspended and recovered as a white crystalline solid Ij, H0.5-2 employing conventional procedures.

The crystalline L-phenylalanine complex Ik of the invention is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme IX.

L-phenylalanine is dissolved in water with heating. The resulting solution is filtered and added to an ethanol (or other alcohol) solution containing compound I. The resulting solution is heated at from 70 to 90° C. and allowed to cool slowly to room temperature (crystal formation is observed at 55° C.). The solution is subjected to conventional recovery procedures. The L-phenylalanine complex Ik is recovered as a white solid identified as 1:1 complex of compound I with L-Phe.

The following examples are provided to describe the invention in further detail. These examples, which set forth the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the invention, are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention.

The preparation of compounds of formula I is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,126, and specifically described in Scheme 1 and Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,117. U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,126, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,117 incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Stable forms of compounds of formula (I) can be crystallized as solvates (e.g., hydrates).

EXAMPLES Preparation of Crystal Structures Example 1

Compound A can be prepared as described in Example 1, Part E of U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,117.

A 10-L glass reactor equipped with a thermocouple and a nitrogen inlet was charged with MeOH (1.25 L), deionized water (3.6 L) followed by 50% aqueous NaOH (205.9 ml, 3.899 mol). The residual solution of NaOH in the measuring cylinder was transferred with water (94 ml) to the reaction vessel. Compound A (503.11 g, 0.872 mol) was added and the mixture was stirred and heated to ˜68° C. over 1.5 h. After 1 h, the circulation bath temperature was lowered from 80 to 70° C.; internal temperature became 65° C. After a total of 3 h HPLC¹ indicated completion of reaction, Compound I AP ˜99.5. After the mixture was cooled to 25° C., isopropyl acetate (2.5 L) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and then the aqueous layer was separated (pH=12.5) and organic layer was washed with water (1 L). During this wash the pH of the biphasic system was adjusted to 6.0 with conc. HCl (5.0 ml) and then the aqueous layer was separated.² The organic layer was collected in a separate vessel. The reactor was washed with water (2 L), MeOH (2 L) and flushed with nitrogen gas. The wet solution of compound B was recharged into the reactor and (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) (67.03 g, 0.872 mole) was introduced. Optionally, seed crystals of (S)-PG Ia may be added at this stage. Instantaneous crystallization produced a thick slurry. After stirring for 1 h, cyclohexane (2.5 L) was added rapidly over 10 minutes and the stirring was continued for 21 h. The product was filtered through a filter paper (Whatman #5, Buchner funnel 24″ diameter). The filtration was rapid and took about 15 minutes. The filter cake was washed with a mixture (1:1) of MTBE/cyclohexane (2×1 L) and dried under suction for 0.5 h. The solid was transferred to a pyrex tray and dried under vacuum (25 mm Hg) in an oven at 25-30° C. for two days till water analysis by KF corresponded to monohydrate (3.6 wt. %). The (S)-PG product Ia was obtained (0.425 kg, yield 97%) as a snow white solid, HPLC³ AP 99.7.

Seed crystals may be prepared by dissolving compound I in a solvent such as MTBE and treating the resulting solution with (S)-propylene glycol and proceeding as described above without the use of seeding.

¹HPLC: Column: YMC ODS-A (C-18) S3, 4.6×50 mm. Solvent A: 0.2% aq. H₃PO₄. Solvent B: 90% CH₃CN/10% H₂O Start % B=0, final % B=100 Gradient time 8 min; hold time 3 min. Integration stop time 11.0 min. Flow rate 2.5 ml/min. UV wave length 220 nm.

²Neutralization before phase split was done to prevent contamination of the product with NaOH. (S)-PG structure prepared without neutralization was slightly basic [pH 8.3 of a suspension sonicated in water (˜20 mg/ml)].

³HPLC method: Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in H₂O Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in CAN. Column: YMC Hydrosphere 4.6×150 (3μ). Gradient: 30-90% B over 45 minutes, hold 5 minutes; back to 30% B and re-equilibrate for 10 min. Wavelength: 220 nm. Injection Volume: 10 μl. Temperature: Ambient

Example 1A

Procedure

20 g of compound A was charged to a reactor at ambient temperature and pressure. 30 mL Methanol and 49.75 mL 3N NaOH were added to the reactor and the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. or reflux, and held about 2-3 hours for reaction completion<0.5 AP. The batch was cooled to 20° C. and neutralized to pH 6.0-7.5 using con. HCl or 1N acetic acid (requires ˜1 mL/gm input).

Extraction

The product was extracted from the reaction mixture into 100 mL isopropyl acetate, the aqueous phase was split away and the organic phase washed with water until conductivity<10 mS (˜4 mL/gm input). The aqueous phase was split away.

Crystallization

2.8 g (1.05 eq) (S)-(+)-1,2 Propanediol was added to the reaction mixture. The batch was seeded with 0.1 g compound I seed. 160 mL Cyclohexane was added and the batch cooled to from room temperature to 5° C. The batch was allowed to stir at from room temperature to 5° C. at least 1 hour before isolation.

Isolation and Drying

Each load of isolated cake was washed with 50/50 by volume isopropyl acetate/cyclohexane mixture. The cake was dried at 30° C. in a vacuum oven under full vacuum. (Cake is dry when KF=3.6%-4.1%).

Yield=84% (uncorrected)

Typical purity=99.81 AP

Typical PG content=15.1-15.8% by GC

Example 2

The (R)-propylene glycol structure was prepared using the same process as described above for the (S)-propylene glycol structure Ia (Example 1) except that (R)-propylene glycol was used in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

Example 3

Compound A (1.0 g) was dissolved in EtOH (3.0 ml) by heating to a boil and the solution was diluted with water (7 ml). 1 ml EtOH was added and the mixture was divided in three portions for crystallization at 20° C., 5° C. and −20° C. After cooling to −10 to −20° C., crystals were formed which have M.P. 40-41° C.

Examples 4 and 5

To obtain the polymorphic form of the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-1 Id, compound A (0.5 gm) was dissolved in aqueous ethylene glycol (0.3 mL water: 0.5 ml ethylene glycol) by heating at 45° C. for 30 min. Upon cooling to room temperature, seeds of the SB-1 (10 mg) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hrs, to provide white crystalline solid. The crystals were filtered, washed with water and dried. To obtain the polymorphic form of the ethylene glycol dihydrate seed crystals form SB-1 Id, compound A was dissolved in aqueous ethylene glycol (S)-propylene glycol crystal form SC-3 Ia were added to obtain the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-1 Id (Example 4). These crystals were filtered and washed with excess water.

To obtain the polymorphic form of the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-2 Ie (Example 5), Compound A was dissolved in aqueous ethylene glycol by heating. Upon cooling, seeds of the mono-EtOH-dihydrate crystal form SA-1, Ic were added to obtain the ethylene glycol dihydrate crystal form SB-2 Ie (Example 5). These crystals were filtered and washed with excess water.

¹H NMR for forms SB-1 and SB-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 1.29 (t, 3H, J=6.98 Hz, —CH3) 3.15 (m, 4H,), 3.33 (bs, 6H, —CH2), 3.42 (m, 3H), 3.6 (bdd, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.9 (bm, 5H, H-1, -2CH₂), 4.43 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz, OH), 4.86 (d, 1H, J=2.4, OH), 4.95 (q, 1H, —OH), 6.82 (d, 2H, J=11.47 Hz, Ar—H), 7.8 (d, 2H, J=11.4 Hz, Ar—H), 7.22 (dd, 1H, J=2.5 Hz, J=11.4 Hz, Ar—H), 7.35 (t, 2H, J=10.96, Ar—H; ¹³C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.49, 59.16, 60.61, 60.69, 68.10, 72.51, 76.11, 78.51, 79.02, 112.09, 125.16, 126.47, 127.38, 128.61, 129.02, 129.73, 135.62, 137.48, 154.70.

Example 6

To acetonitrile (12 mL), at batch temperature of 8-10° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, was charged borontrifluoride diethyletherate (2.3 mL, 18.4 mmol) and water (0.82 mL, 4.6 mmol). After holding the above mixture for about 1 hour, triethylsilane (3 mL, 18.4 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was held for about 1 hour, and then compound B (prepared as described in Example 17) in 10 mL acetonitrile was added. The batch was held at 5 to 10° C. On completion of the reaction as determined by HPLC, the reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous ammonium acetate (24 mL; 85 g) in 200 mL water. The phases were separated and product rich organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate. The product rich organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure.

Water (13 mg, 0.7 mmol, based on 0.3 g crude compound B input), (S)-propylene glycol (56 mg, 0.7 mmol), t-butylmethyl ether (5 mL, ˜17 mL/g compound B input), compound Ia seeds (˜20 mg) were mixed and held for 1 hr., to form a crystal slurry. Cyclohexane (10 mL, 33 mL/g compound B (input)) was added. The crystalline product (Ia) was isolated by filtration (4-5%) and dried in vacuo at 20-25° C.

Example 7

Crystals of methanol solvate Ig were obtained by dissolving pure compound B in methanol and stirring at room temperature. A white slurry formed after a few days, and was found to be crystalline methanol solvate Ig.

The so formed crystalline di-MeOH solvate Ig may be used in place of compound B in the preparation of crystalline compound Ia as described in Example 6.

Example 8 Preparation of Crystalline Di-MeOh Solvate Ig from Unpurified Compound B in 80/20 Methanol/Toluene using Seeds

6 g of compound B (HPLC AP approximately 80%) was dissolved in 15 mL of 80/20 methanol/toluene.

Seeds (about 1% of starting compound B) of compound Ig crystals were added and the mixture was cooled to form a slurry containing crystals.

The slurry was stirred for 6 hours before isolating.

The wet cake was found to be crystalline methanol solvate If but loses crystallinity if left open for a few hours.

Example 9 Preparation of Crystalline Di-MeOh Solvate Ig from Unpurified Compound B in Methanol/Toluene/Heptane using Seeds

2.5 g of compound B (91.5%) was added to a scintillation vial with a magnetic stir-bar.

4 mL toluene was added to dissolve the compound Ia.

2 mL methanol was added. Next, seeds of compound Ig crystals (about 1%) were added.

4 mL heptane was added over 30 minutes and the mixture was stirred for 12 hours. Wet cake was isolated on a Buchner funnel. The wet cake was found to be crystalline methanol solvate Ig. It was dried under vacuum at 30° C. The resultant powder lost crystallinity.

Yield=1.7 g=74.5% (corrected). Characterization XRD pattern of crystals: FIG. 10.

The so formed crystalline MeOH solvate Ig may be used in place of compound B in the preparation of crystalline compound Ia as described in Example 6.

Example 10 Preparation of Crystalline 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If from Compound B in Toluene/Ethyl Acetate using Seeds

1,4-Butyne-diol solvate can be crystallized in an alkyl acetate (e.g. ethyl, propyl or butyl acetate), alcohol (e.g. isopropanol, butanol) or even water. Toluene and heptane act as anti-solvents when crystallized in alkyl acetate.

50 g (90.3 weight %) Compound B was dissolved in 675 mL toluene. The solution was heated to 60° C. and 75 mL ethyl acetate added. 1.5 eq 2-butyne-1,4-diol (=13.3 g) was added and the mixture held at 60° C. until the butyne diol dissolved. The solution was cooled to 55° C. and 0.1% seeds (50 mg) of 1,4-butyne-diol compound If was added. The mixture was held for 1 hour at 55° C. Compound If started crystallizing. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. over 6 hours. The resulting slurry was stirred for 3 hours before isolating (mother liquor conc was <3 mg/mL), filtered and washed with 180 mL toluene+20 mL ethyl acetate, and dried under vacuum at 45° C. to yield crystals of 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If.

HPLC AP=99.5%. Potency=80.7 weight % (Expected potency=83.6% for 1:1 solvate). Yield=95%.

Example 11 Preparation of Crystalline 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If from Compound B in Butyl Acetate/Heptane

0.5 g Compound B (91 weight %) was dissolved in 3.5 mL butyl acetate+3.5 mL heptane at 60° C. 1.5 eq 2-Butyne-1,4-diol was added and the mixture cooled to room temperature. The resulting slurry was stirred for 12 hours, filtered and washed with 1 mL 1:1 butyl acetate: heptane, and dried under vacuum at 50° C. to yield crystals of 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If. Potency=85.1%. Yield=90%.

The 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may be employed in place of compound B and employing the Lewis acid BF₃.2CH₃COOH in place of BF₃OEt₂ to form the crystalline compound Ia.

Example 12

A solution of L-proline (11.5 g, 100 mmol) in 10 mL of water was heated to 80° C. and 100 mL and isopropanol was added. To the rapidly stirred solution of L-proline was added a room temperature solution of compound I (21.4 g, 50 mmol) in 100 mL of isopropanol. Solids formed, and the solution was cooled slowly to room temperature. The solution was filtered and the resulting solids were washed with isopropanol followed by hexanes. The solids were dried under vacuum oven to give 30.4 g of a white solid containing compound I as a 1:2 crystalline complex with L-proline (structure Ih, form 3).

Example 13

A solution of L-proline (0.23 g, 0.2 mmol) in 1.1 mL of 90% ethanol/water was briefly heated to boiling and a solution of compound I (0.4 g, 1 mmol) in 4 mL of ethanol was added. The resulting solution was cooled to −20° C. for 2 h during which time solids formed. The solution was stored at room temperature for 2 days. The vessel was centrifuged and the supernatant was removed. The remaining solids were washed in 1 mL of MTBE, and the solids were dried under vacuum to give 0.025 g of a white solid containing compound I in a 1:1 crystalline complex with L-proline (structure Ii, form 6).

Example 14

A solution of L-proline (0.23 g, 2 mmol) and compound I (4.34 g, 10 mmol) in 31 mL of 97% ethanol/water was briefly heated to 70° C. to give a clear solution. The resulting solution was cooled to −20° C. and seed crystals of compound I 1:1 complex with L-proline structure Ii form 6 were added. After 3 days at −20° C., solids were collected via filtration, and the filter cake was washed with cold (−20° C.) ethanol. The resulting solids were suspended in 5 mL of heptane, followed by filtration and washing with heptane to give 0.3 g of a white solid. The material (0.02 g) was further crystallized from 20/1 EtOH/H₂O with slow evaporation of solvent and slight heating/cooling to grow larger X-ray quality crystals containing a ratio of 4 molecules of compound I, 4 molecules of L-proline and 2 molecules of water per unit cell, hemihydrate of 1:1 complex with L-proline (structure Ij form H.5-2).

Example 15

L-phenylalanine (424 mg, 2.56 mmol) was dissolved in 6 mL of water at 80° C. The resulting solution was filtered and added to an ethanol solution (6.5 mL) containing 1 gram of compound I (2.36 mmol). The resulting solution was heated to 80° C. and allowed to cool slowly to room temperature (crystal formation was first observed at 55° C.). The solution was stored at 4° C. The solution was filtered and the crystals were washed with 20% water/ethanol to give a complex of L-Phe:compound I. This material was further recrystallized from 10 mL of 50% water/ethanol as above to give 910 mg of a white solid identified as 1:1.3 complex of compound I with L-Phe (64%) structure Ik, form 2 as determined by ¹H NMR integration.

Example 16

A reaction scheme similar to that shown in Scheme IVA and FIG. 22 was employed.

A −30° C. chiller for the lithiation reactor 5 jacketed static mixer 5) was set up.

A −30° C. chiller for the coupling reactor 22 jacketed static mixer 22) and a pre-cooling heat exchanger (not shown in FIG. 22) for the compound D/toluene feed was set up.

Continuous Lithiation

The two feeds of E/THF/toluene (2.74 ml/min) and Q, namely, n-BuLi in hexane (0.41 ml/min), were mixed and combined through jacketed static mixer 5 (−30° C.).

Before pumping the D/toluene feed, toluene (2.96 ml/min) was sent into the system as a make-up flow to maintain the overall flow constant at 6.1 ml/min.

Samples at the outlet of the lithiation static mixer 5 for HPLC analysis were collected. Samples were taken before (a) the onset of the coupling reaction, and (b) after the collection of the reaction mixture into the MSA-MeOH reactor.

Continuous Coupling Reaction

The D/toluene feed (2.96 ml/min) was pre-cooled via a heat exchanger before mixing with the lithiation stream.

The two streams namely G and D were mixed and combined through a jacketed static mixer 22 (between −24° C. and −30° C.).

The reaction stream appeared yellowish in color.

Samples were collected at the outlet of the mixer 22 for HPLC analysis. Samples were taken before and after the collection into the MSA-MeOH reactor 25.

Methyl Glycosidation

The coupling reaction stream 24 was fed to a 500-ml reactor 25 containing MSA and methanol or HCl/MeOH at <−10° C. with stirring.

After the collection were finished, the reaction mixture was kept at <−10° C. with stirring for another hour.

The reaction mixture was heated up to 35° C. The reaction was deemed complete (about 6 hrs) until HPLC analysis indicated that desilylated hemiketal H′ RAP<0.3%. The reaction was cooled to room temperature (20° C.) and the reaction mixture was held for 16 hrs to form compound B.

Formation of Crystals of If

B was crystallized with 2-butyne-1,4-diol (J) in toluene/EtOAc to yield crystals of If.

Example 17

Solid compound If (50.0 g), solid DMAP (1.2 g), liquid acetonitrile (450 mL), and liquid acetic anhydride (63 mL) were charged to a 250 ml flask reactor.

The batch (77° C.) was heated and held until reaction complete.

The batch was cooled (5° C.).

Triethylsilane (72 mL), and boron trifluoride acetic acid complex (63 mL) were charged to the reactor.

After completion of the reaction, acetone (36 mL) was added.

The batch (21° C.) was warmed and held until triethylsilane was consumed.

Aqueous NH₄OAc (33 wt %, 450 mL) was added and the batch was mixed, allowed to settle until upper and lower phases formed.

Batch volume of product in the rich upper phase was reduced by distilling off acetonitrile to minimum agitation. Ethanol SDA3A (1 L) was charged at elevated temperature (>60° C.).

The product was crystallized by cooling or cooling with seeding (5 wt % based on compound If wet-milled, nitrogen jet milled, or a previous batch). The product was typically isolated in >75% yield.

The product was recrystallized as either a wet or dry cake from ethanol SDA3A.

Crystal Structure Characterization

Crystal structures equivalent to the crystal structures described below and claimed herein may demonstrate similar, yet non-identical, analytical characteristics within a reasonable range of error, depending on test conditions, purity, equipment and other common variables known to those skilled in the art.

Accordingly, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope and sprit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. Applicants intend that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary, but not limiting in scope.

X-ray Powder Diffraction

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a powder X-ray diffraction pattern may be obtained with a measurement error that is dependent upon the measurement conditions employed. In particular, it is generally known that intensities in a X-ray powder diffraction pattern may fluctuate depending upon measurement conditions employed. It should be further understood that relative intensities may also vary depending upon experimental conditions and, accordingly, the exact order of intensity should not be taken into account. Additionally, a measurement error of diffraction angle for a conventional powder X-ray powder diffraction pattern is typically about 5% or less, and such degree of measurement error should be taken into account as pertaining to the aforementioned diffraction angles. Consequently, it is to be understood that the crystal structures of the instant invention are not limited to the crystal structures that provide X-ray diffraction patterns completely identical to the X-ray powder diffraction patterns depicted in the accompanying Figures disclosed herein. Any crystal structures that provide powder X-ray diffraction patterns substantially identical to those disclosed in the accompanying Figures fall within the scope of the present invention. The ability to ascertain substantial identities of X-ray powder diffraction patterns is within the purview of one of ordinary skill in the art.

(S)-PG (form SC-3) Ia, (R)-PG Ib, 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If and Dimethanol Solvate Ig, Hemihydrate of 1:1 L-Proline Complex Ij (H.5-2), 1:2 L-Proline Complex Ih and 1:1 L-Proline Complex Ii Structures

About 200 mg were packed into a Philips powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) sample holder. The sample was transferred to a Philips MPD unit (45 KV, 40 mA, Cu Kα₁). Data were collected at room temperature in the 2 to 32 2-theta rage (continuous scanning mode, scanning rate 0.03 degrees/sec., auto divergence and anti scatter slits, receiving slit: 0.2 mm, sample spinner: ON).

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns for the (S)-PG (Ia), (R)-PG (Ib) structures are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and the dimethanol solvate Ig are illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns for the 1:2 L-proline complex Ih, 1:1 L-proline complex Ii, and the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate complex Ij structures are illustrated in FIGS. 13, 14 and 15, respectively. Selected diffraction peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.2) for the (S)-PG (Ia), (R)-PG (Ib) hemihydrate of 1:1 L-proline complex Ij (H.5-2), 1:2 L-proline complex Ih and 1:1 L-proline complex Ii structures are shown in Table 1 below. Characteristic diffraction peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.1) at RT, are based on a high quality pattern collected with a diffractometer (CuKα) with a spinning capillary with 2θ calibrated with a National Institute of Standards and Technology methodology, and other suitable standard known to those skilled in the art. The relative intensities, however, may change depending on the crystal size and morphology. TABLE 1 Selected PXRD Peaks (2θ ± 0.2°) H.5-2, 1:1 L-proline N-1, (R)-PG (hemihydrate) 1:2 L- N-1 (S)-PG (Ia) (Ib) (Ij) proline (Ih) 1:1 L-proline (Ii) 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.3 3.9 7.6 8.0 8.8 6.5 9.5 8.1 8.7 15.5 8.6 15.4 8.7 15.3 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.2 15.6 16.5 16.4 15.9 15.7 17.2 17.8 17.2 17.5 17.1 19.2 19.4 18.9 18.7 18.9 19.9 19.7 19.8 19.7 20.1 20.3 20.8 20.2 20.3 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The structures of (S)-PG (Ia), (R)-PG (Ib), 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and dimethanol solvate Ig were characterized by solid state NMR techniques.

All solid-state C-13 NMR measurements were made with a Bruker DSX-400, 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. High resolution spectra were obtained using high-power proton decoupling and the TPPM pulse sequence and ramp amplitude cross-polarization (RAMP-CP) with magic-angle spinning (MAS) at approximately 12 kHz (A. E. Bennett et al, J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 103, 6951; G. Metz, X. Wu and S. O, Smith, J Magn. Reson. A. 1994, 110, 219-227). Approximately 70 mg of sample, packed into a canister-design zirconia rotor was used for each experiment. Chemical shifts (δ) were referenced to external adamantane with the high frequency resonance being set to 38.56 ppm (W. L. Earl and D. L. VanderHart, J. Magn. Reson., 1982, 48, 35-54).

The resulting ¹³C NMR CPMAS spectrum for structure (S)-PG and (R)-PG are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively.

The major resonance peaks for the solid state carbon spectrum of (S)-PG and (R)-PG are listed below in Table 1A and Table 2 and for 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and dimethanol solvate Ig are listed below in Tables 2A and 2B, respectively. Crystal structures demonstrating substantially similar ¹³C NMR peak positions, wherein “substantially similar” means 10 to 15% of dimensionless value, are deemed to fall within the scope of the invention (i.e., equivalent to the structures illustrated below).

Table 1A Proton NMR Peak Positions for (S)-Propylene Glycol Solvate Ia

¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 1.00 (d, 3H, J=6.25 Hz, PG-CH₃), 1.29 (t, 3H, J=6.98 Hz, —CH₂CH ₃), 3.0-3.30 (m, 4H, H2, H3, H4, H-5), 3.43 (m, 1H, H-6a), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.69 (bdd, H, J=4.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.9-4.1 (m, 5H, H-1, —CH₂, —CH₂), 4.38 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, OH), 4.44 (dt, 2H, J=2.2 Hz, J=5.7 Hz), 4.82 (d, 1H, J=5.7 Hz, —OH), 4.94 and 4.95 (2d, 2H, 2-OH), 6.82 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, Ar—H), 7.09 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, Ar—H), 7.22 (dd, 1H, J=1.97 Hz, 8.25 Hz, Ar—H), 7.31 (bd, 1H, 1.9 Hz, Ar—H), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz, Ar—H). TABLE 2 SSNMR Peak Positions/δ (in ppm) Relative to TMS (Tetramethyl Silane) (S)-PG (R)-PG δ/ppm δ/ppm 16.2 15.8 17.6 17.6 39.3 39.0 60.9 60.9 63.3 63.2 69.8 67.4 76.9 69.7 78.7 77.3 79.4 79.2 113.8 79.8 123.6 113.3 129.3 123.6 130.5 129.0 132.0 130.4 135.7 132.0 139.1 135.6 158.0 139.2 157.9

These data are strictly valid for a 400 MHz spectrophotometer.

Table 2A Proton NMR Peak Positions for 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.33 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz, —CH₃), 2.90 (s, 2H, —CH₂), 3.39 (s, 9H, —OCH₃), 3.4-3.65 (m, 3H), 3.81 (bm, 2H), 3.91 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz, —CH₂), 3.97 (m, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz, Ar—H), 7.02 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, Ar—H), 7.25 (s, 2H, Ar—H), 7.34 (s, 1H, Ar—H); ¹³C(CDCl₃) δ 14,78, 38.43, 49.14, 50.57, 61.84, 63.34, 69.98, 72.53, 74.63, 100.95, 114.36, (2), 126.64, 129.19, 129.59, 129.71, 131.38, 134.30, 136.61, 138.50, 157.27. M.P. 103.08° C.

Table 2B Proton NMR Peak Positions for Dimethanol Solvate Ig

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ 1.26 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz, —CH₃), 2.38-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.5 (s, 2H, —CH₂), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 3H, —OCH₃), 3.16-3.39 (m, 1H, H-6), 3.41-3.42 (m, 1H, H-6), 3.9 (q, 2H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 4.05 (d, 4H, —CH₂), 4.52 (t, 1H), 4.75 (m, 2H), 4.95 (d, 2H), 5.23 (t, 2H), 6.82 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, Ar—H), 7.07 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, Ar—H) 7.4 (s, 2H, Ar—H), 7.50 (s, 1H, Ar—H); ¹³C(CDCl₃) δ 14.69, 48.28, 49.02, 60.81, 62.84, 70.05, 74.02, 76.81, 83.97, 100.64, 114.23, 127.40, 128.2, 129.44, 131.2, 131.4, 132.45, 137.38, 138.57, 156.84. Elemental analysis Calculated for C₂₆H₃₃ClO₉: Calc C, 59.48; H, 6.34; Cl, 6.75. Found C, 59.35; H, 5.97; Cl, 6.19.

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments were performed in a TA Instruments™ model Q500. The sample (about 10-30 mg) was placed in a platinum pan previously tared. The weight of the sample was measured accurately and recorded to a thousand of a milligram by the instrument The furnace was purged with nitrogen gas at 100 mL/min. Data were collected between room temperature and 300° C. at 10° C./min heating rate.

TGA curves for the (S)-PG Ia and (R)-PG Ib structures are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively. Weight loss corresponds to one mole of water and one mole of propylene glycol per mole of structure analyzed.

TGA curves for the 1:2 L-proline complex Ih, the 1:1 L-proline complex Ii and the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate complex Ij structures are shown in FIGS. 16, 17 and 18, respectively. Weight loss corresponds to one mole of water and one mole of L-proline per mole of structure analyzed.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The solid state thermal behavior of the (S)-PG Ia, (R)-PG Ib, 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If, dimethanol solvate Ig, 1:2 L-proline Ih, the 1:1 L-proline Ii and the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate Ij structures were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves for the (S)-PG Ia and (R)-PG Ib structures are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively. The DSC curves for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and the dimethanol solvate 1 g structures are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, respectively. The DSC curves for the 1:2 L-proline complex Ih, the 1:1 L-proline complex Ii and the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate Ij structures are shown in FIGS. 19, 20 and 21, respectively.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed in a TA Instruments™ model Q1000. The sample (about 2-6 mg) was weighed in an aluminum pan and recorded accurately recorded to a hundredth of a milligram, and transferred to the DSC. The instrument was purged with nitrogen gas at 50 mL/min. Data were collected between room temperature and 300° C. at 10° C./min heating rate. The plot was made with the endothermic peaks pointing down.

One of skill in the art will however, note that in DSC measurement there is a certain degree of variability in actual measured onset and peak temperatures, depending on rate of heating, crystal shape and purity, and other measurement parameters.

Single Crystal X-ray Analysis

A single crystal for the (S)-PG Ia, structure, and for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If, dimethanol solvate Ig, 1:2 L-proline Ih, 1:1 L-proline Ii and 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate Ij structures were obtained and investigated by x-ray diffraction.

Data were collected on a Bruker-Nonius¹ CAD4 serial diffractometer. Unit cell parameters were obtained through least-squares analysis of the experimental diffractometer settings of 25 high-angle reflections. Intensities were measured using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.5418 Å) at a constant temperature with the θ-2θ variable scan technique and were corrected only for Lorentz-polarization factors. Background counts were collected at the extremes of the scan for half of the time of the scan. Alternately, single crystal data were collected on a Bruker-Nonius Kappa CCD 2000 system using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.5418 Å). Indexing and processing of the measured intensity data were carried out with the HKL2000 software package² in the Collect program suite.³

When indicated, crystals were cooled in the cold stream of an Oxford cryo system⁴ during data collection.

The structures were solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of observed reflections using either the SDP⁵ software package with minor local modifications or the crystallographic package, MAXUS.⁶

The derived atomic parameters (coordinates and temperature factors) were refined through full matrix least-squares. The function minimized in the refinements was Σ_(w)(|F_(o)|−|F_(c)|)². R is defined as Σ∥F_(o)|−|F_(c)∥/Σ|F_(o)| while R_(w)=[Σ_(w)(|F_(o)|−|F_(c)|)^(2/)Σ_(w)|F_(o)|²]^(1/2) where w is an appropriate weighting function based on errors in the observed intensities. Difference maps were examined at all stages of refinement. Hydrogens were introduced in idealized positions with isotropic temperature factors, but no hydrogen parameters were varied. ²Otwinowski, Z. & Minor, W. (1997) in Macromolecular Crystallography, eds. Carter, W.C. Jr & Sweet, R.M. (Academic, NY), Vol. 276, pp. 307-326 ³Collect Data collection and processing user interface: Collect: Data collection software, R. Hooft, Nonius B.V., 1998 ⁴Oxford Cryosystems Cryostream cooler: J. Cosier and A.M. Glazer, J. Appl. Cryst., 1986, 19 105 ⁵SDP, Structure Determination Package, Enraf-Nonius, Bohemia NY 11716 Scattering factors, including f′ and f″, in the SDP software were taken from the “International Tables for Crystallography”, Kynoch Press, Birmingham, England, 1974; Vol. IV, Tables 2.2A and 2.3.1 ⁶maXus solution and refinement software suite: S. Mackay, C.J. Gilmore, C. Edwards, M. Tremayne, N. Stewart, K. Shankland. maXus: a computer program for the solution and refinement of crystal structures from diffraction data.

Unit cell parameters for the (S)-PG structure Ia form SC-3 are listed below in Table 3. As used herein, the unit cell parameter “molecules/per cell” refers to the number of molecules of Compound in the unit cell. TABLE 3 Unit Cell Data for (S)-PG (Ia) Structure T a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° V_(m) Z′ SG Dcalc R Ia (S)-PG 25 11.2688 (8) 4.8093 (3) 46.723 (3) 90 90 90 633 1 P2₁2₁2₁ 1.319 .069 T = temp (° C.) for the crystallographic data. Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 2sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 4 below sets forth the positional parameters for the (S)-PG Ia structure at 25° C. TABLE 4 Positional Parameters for (S)-PG at T = 25° C. Atom X Y Z CL 0.7313 0.4674 −0.2101 O5 0.8119 0.5766 −0.0701 04 0.7202 0.5458 0.0056 03 0.5115 0.3666 −0.0246 06 0.9646 0.2671 −0.0316 02 0.4895 0.5889 −0.0811 C2 0.6024 0.5045 −0.0697 C12 0.7946 0.4228 −0.1261 C5 0.8198 0.6301 −0.0398 O17 0.1633 0.2154 −0.2179 C8 0.6391 0.7665 −0.1320 C6 0.9425 0.5628 −0.0299 C3 0.5984 0.5441 −0.0373 C1 0.7059 0.6639 −0.0829 C7 0.7147 0.6097 −0.1148 C4 0.7190 0.4796 −0.0240 C10 0.7203 0.5412 −0.1732 C17 0.2586 0.3689 −0.2079 C19 0.4171 0.6835 −0.2198 C11 0.7959 0.3822 −0.1562 C9 0.6397 0.7259 −0.1622 C13 0.5535 0.8771 −0.1822 C14 0.4508 0.6852 −0.1907 C15 0.3841 0.5376 −0.1712 C16 0.2861 0.3765 −0.1788 C20 0.1012 0.0595 −0.1979 C18 0.3232 0.5239 −0.2279 C21 0.0030 −0.0944 −0.2137 O89 0.3708 0.0977 −0.0854 O88 0.1294 0.2019 −0.0742 C88 0.1652 −0.0245 −0.0920 C89 0.2791 0.0335 −0.1051 C87 0.0645 −0.1005 −0.1124 O99 0.2722 0.4482 −0.0319 H21 0.6171 0.2877 −0.0753 H121 0.8544 0.3092 −0.1123 H51 0.7993 0.8404 −0.0347 H81 0.5805 0.9176 −0.1225 H61 0.9563 0.6296 −0.0070 H62 1.0096 0.6774 −0.0422 H31 0.5776 0.7529 −0.0321 H11 0.6920 0.8863 −0.0793 H41 0.7271 0.2607 −0.0265 H191 0.4656 0.8069 −0.2353 H111 0.8552 0.2316 −0.1658 H131 0.5284 1.0619 −0.1717 H132 0.6093 0.9308 −0.2010 H151 0.4086 0.5437 −0.1488 H161 0.2335 0.2640 −0.1632 H201 0.1483 −0.1065 −0.1854 H202 0.0535 0.1811 −0.1804 H181 0.2987 0.5193 −0.2503 H211 −0.0606 −0.2245 −0.2014 H212 −0.0562 0.0572 −0.2256 H213 0.0387 −0.2305 −0.2306 H2 0.4362 0.4237 −0.0836 H3 0.4297 0.4310 −0.0299 H4 0.7387 0.3750 0.0172 H6 0.9827 0.1877 −0.0122 H881 0.1809 −0.2154 −0.0792 H891 0.2662 0.2151 −0.1200 H892 0.3059 −0.1396 −0.1196 H871 0.0875 −0.2595 −0.1270 H872 −0.0137 −0.1453 −0.1008 H873 0.0462 0.0938 −0.1255 H89 0.4203 −0.0719 −0.0817 H88 0.0653 0.1382 −0.0608 H991 0.2473 0.6301 −0.0234 H992 0.2108 0.3906 −0.0463

Unit cell parameters for the mono-ethanol dihydrate (ethanol or EtOH structure) form SA-1, formula Ic are listed below in Table 5. TABLE 5 Unit Cell Data for Ethanol SA-1 (Ic) Form T° a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) Ic SA-1 −50 11.519 (1) 4.799 (1) 22.648 (1) — 94.58 (1) — 1 P2₁ 624 1.307 0.05 T = temp (° C.) for crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 3sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 6 below sets forth the positional parameters for the form SA-1 (mono-ethanol-dihydrate), Ic at −50° C. TABLE 6 Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Form SA-1 at T = −50° C. Atom X Y Z CL 0.7673 0.0854 −0.4142 O2 0.8652 0.6413 −0.1468 O5 0.8652 0.6413 −0.1468 O6 1.0613 0.9910 −0.0876 C2 0.6634 0.5087 −0.1420 O3 0.5964 0.4528 −0.0442 C1 0.7531 0.6504 −0.1782 O17 0.1965 −0.2110 −0.3797 O4 0.7928 0.7549 0.0061 C7 0.7605 0.5175 −0.2375 C3 0.6679 0.6209 −0.0790 C14 0.4816 0.3213 −0.3866 C10 0.7629 0.2551 −0.3461 C13 0.5827 0.5268 −0.3868 C8 0.6801 0.5902 −0.2843 C9 0.6770 0.4593 −0.3397 C6 0.9968 0.7646 −0.0652 C12 0.8423 0.3089 −0.2459 C4 0.7906 0.6184 −0.0498 C5 0.8704 0.7698 −0.0896 C15 0.4335 0.2531 −0.3337 C11 0.8449 0.1815 −0.3008 C17 0.2911 −0.0396 −0.3851 C20 0.141 −0.3384 −0.4319 C19 0.4321 0.2052 −0.4377 C18 0.3377 0.0255 −0.4384 C16 0.3405 0.0751 −0.3330 C21 0.0431 −0.5128 −0.4132 O98 0.3643 0.6071 −0.0516 O88 0.2324 −0.2097 −0.1501 C89 0.1155 −0.3014 −0.2376 C88 0.2065 −0.4150 −0.1969 O99 0.4409 0.0604 −0.1784 H21 0.6816 0.2833 −0.1387 H11 0.7283 0.8620 −01.864 H31 0.6356 0.8307 −0.0805 H131 0.6184 0.5131 −0.4303 H132 0.5505 0.7308 −0.3806 H81 0.6182 0.7524 −0.2770 H61 1.0365 0.5668 −0.0787 H62 1.0037 0.7711 −0.0175 H121 0.9040 0.2455 −0.2092 H41 0.8196 0.4009 −0.0436 H51 0.8385 0.9826 −0.0936 H151 0.4692 0.3444 −0.2915 H111 0.9111 0.0214 −0.3081 H201 0.1146 −0.1875 −0.4650 H202 0.2075 −0.4764 −0.4514 H191 0.4703 0.2491 −0.4794 H181 0.3000 −0.0606 −0.4802 H161 0.3071 0.0128 −0.2910 H3 0.5153 0.5297 −0.0473 H2 0.5091 0.3623 −0.1752 H211 −0.0028 −0.6153 −0.4507 H212 0.0724 −0.6675 −0.3807 H213 −0.0204 −0.3772 −0.3928 H6 1.1241 0.9168 −0.1118 H4 0.8466 0.6527 0.0359 H981 0.3836 0.7445 −0.0185 H982 0.3063 0.4696 −0.0382 H891 0.0626 −0.4601 −0.2593 H892 0.0592 −0.1642 −0.2133 H893 0.1534 −0.1727 −0.2709 H881 0.2834 −0.4603 −0.2200 H882 0.1765 −0.6100 −0.1783 H88 0.2806 −0.2965 −0.1158 H991 0.3630 −0.0141 −0.1685 H992 0.4889 −0.1137 −0.1762

Unit cell parameters for the ethylene glycol form SB-1, formula Id are listed below in Table 7. TABLE 7 Unit Cell Data for EG-SB-1 (Id) Form T° a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) Id SB-1 −50 11.593 (8) 4.766 (5) 22.78 (3) — 93.38 (9) — 1 P2₁ 628 .19 1.340 T = temp (° C.) for crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 3sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 8 below sets forth the positional parameters for the form SB-1 (ethylene glycol) Id at −50° C. TABLE 8 Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Form SB-1 at T = −50° C. Atom X Y Z CL 0.7590 0.0820 −0.4198 O5 0.8631 0.5990 −0.1537 O17 0.1901 −0.1911 −0.3791 C13 0.5791 0.5319 −03885 O3 0.5941 0.4849 −0.0439 C11 0.8381 0.1410 −0.3059 O4 0.7851 0.8250 −0.0026 C10 0.7531 0.2610 −0.3514 O2 0.5470 0.4971 −0.1739 C18 0.3341 0.0390 −0.4399 C14 0.4851 0.3559 −0.3849 C1 0.7451 0.6551 −0.1789 C12 0.8281 0.2849 −0.2539 C5 0.8711 0.7820 −0.0959 C19 0.4311 0.2230 −0.4349 C17 0.2810 −0.0380 −0.3919 C4 0.7791 0.6341 −0.0569 C7 0.7530 0.4769 −0.2399 C8 0.6751 0.5781 −0.2889 C9 0.6671 0.4150 −0.3429 C2 0.6601 0.4859 −0.1429 C15 0.4250 0.2791 −0.3379 C20 0.1391 −0.3181 −0.4309 C21 0.0331 −0.4761 −0.4109 C3 0.6660 0.6460 −0.0839 C16 0.3341 0.1049 −0.3399 O6 1.0280 0.4331 −0.0685 O98 0.3689 0.6530 −0.0551 O99 0.4310 0.0080 −0.1639 C6 0.9880 0.6960 −0.0759 O88 0.1661 −0.7610 −0.1669 O89 0.0461 −0.2291 −0.2249 C88 0.1970 −0.5606 −0.1946 C89 0.1423 −0.4698 −0.2450 H89 −0.0093 −0.1368 −0.2011 H88 0.0999 −0.9161 −0.1930 H2 0.5081 0.3212 −0.1695 H3 0.5158 0.5512 −0.0479 H6 1.0592 0.3693 −0.1043 H981 0.3142 0.5218 −0.0410 H982 0.3908 0.7860 −0.0248 H991 0.4708 −0.1672 −0.1673 H992 0.3887 0.0065 −0.1290 H41 0.8040 0.4214 −0.0458 H31 0.6366 0.8606 −0.0878 H51 0.8478 0.9977 −0.1052 H21 0.6886 0.2707 −0.1389 H11 0.7300 0.8758 −0.1869 H61 1.0435 0.7903 −0.1069 H62 1.0031 0.7943 −0.0335 H81 0.6253 0.7679 −0.2848 H111 0.8971 −0.0296 −0.3127 H121 0.8920 0.2316 −0.2193 H151 0.4529 0.3653 −0.2956 H161 0.2954 0.0652 −0.2987 H181 0.3033 −0.0383 −0.4826 H191 0.4696 0.2685 −0.4759 H201 0.1135 −0.1601 −0.4631 H202 0.1990 −0.4618 −0.4495 H211 −0.0104 −0.5787 −0.4482 H212 0.0603 −0.6313 −0.3784 H213 −0.0253 −0.3295 −0.3920 H891 0.0986 −0.6418 −0.2678 H892 0.2033 −0.3761 −0.2733 H881 0.2163 −0.3858 −0.1655 H882 0.2762 −0.6665 −0.2039 H131 0.6119 0.5248 −0.4319 H132 0.5566 0.7453 −0.3781

Unit cell parameters for the ethylene glycol form SB-2, formula Ie are listed below in Table 9. TABLE 9 Unit Cell Data for EG-SB-2 (Ie) Form T° a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) Ie SB-2 −50 11.4950 (1) 4.7443 (1) 44.4154 (5) — — — 1 P2₁2₁2₁ 606 .050 1.390 T = temp (° C.) for crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 3sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 10 below sets forth the positional parameters for the form SB-2 (ethylene glycol) Id at −50° C. TABLE 10 Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Form SB-2 at T = −50° C. Atom X Y Z CL 0.7374 0.5149 −0.2111 O1 0.8133 0.9822 −0.0746 O2 0.5013 0.9285 −0.0845 O4 0.7289 1.0601 0.0035 O3 0.5256 0.8247 −0.0225 C13 0.5550 0.9627 −0.1935 O6 0.9728 0.7735 −0.0353 C4 0.7265 0.9455 −0.0262 C3 0.6074 0.9836 −0.0396 C8 0.6428 0.9915 −0.1422 C5 0.8145 1.0938 −0.0449 C2 0.6104 0.8706 −0.0710 C1 0.7042 1.0158 −0.0896 O17 0.1616 0.2406 −0.1894 C10 0.7254 0.6663 −0.1761 C14 0.4505 0.7632 0.1926 C12 0.7921 0.6786 −0.1254 C7 0.7155 0.8961 −0.1199 C17 0.2595 0.4115 −0.1926 C9 0.6431 0.8746 −0.1706 C11 0.7977 0.5663 −0.1538 C18 0.3043 0.4904 −0.2191 C6 0.9384 1.0646 −0.0348 C21 0.0106 −0.0544 −0.2044 C15 0.4002 0.6700 −0.1674 C16 0.3062 0.5028 −0.1664 C19 0.4048 0.6705 −0.2196 C20 0.1094 0.1211 −0.2133 O89 0.1914 0.1344 −0.0851 O88 0.0643 −0.3997 −0.0870 C88 0.0717 −0.2076 −0.1097 C89 0.1793 −0.0404 −0.1104 O98 0.2861 −0.0622 −0.0315 O99 0.3991 0.4406 −0.0899 H131 0.5987 0.9339 −0.2163 H132 0.5342 1.1796 −0.1916 H41 0.7470 0.7230 −0.0250 H31 0.5865 1.2077 −0.0378 H81 0.5800 1.1634 −0.1366 H51 0.7979 1.3174 −0.0455 H21 0.6251 0.6488 −0.0697 H11 0.6844 1.2377 −0.0920 H121 0.8481 0.5958 −0.1080 H111 0.8591 0.3889 −0.1576 H181 0.2593 0.4179 −0.2399 H151 0.4420 0.7303 −0.1453 H161 0.2700 0.4433 −0.1446 H191 0.4500 0.7270 −0.2410 H61 0.9486 1.1532 −0.0124 H62 0.9940 1.1868 −0.0502 H201 0.0802 0.2769 −0.2296 H202 0.1742 −0.0142 −0.2253 H211 −0.0281 −0.1580 −0.2236 H212 0.0418 −0.2183 −0.1889 H213 −0.0522 0.0728 −0.1931 H2 0.4568 0.7450 −0.0867 H3 0.4455 0.9047 −00257 H6 0.9900 0.7115 −0.0140 H4 0.7487 0.9051 0.0180 H891 0.1791 0.0911 −0.1307 H892 0.2524 −0.1815 −0.1307 H881 0.0688 −0.3227 −0.1317 H882 −0.0006 −0.0646 −0.1095 H89 0.1389 0.3052 −0.0871 H88 0.0278 −0.3039 −0.0685 H981 0.2546 −0.0138 −0.0523 H991 0.3186 0.3564 −0.0924 H992 0.4542 0.2696 −0.0893

Unit cell parameters for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If are listed below in Table 11. TABLE 11 Unit Cell Data for 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If Form T a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) YD-1 (If) 25 21.576 (7)  6.755 (1) 18.335 (5) —  102.96 (1) — 1 C2 651 .055 1.339 YD-1 (If) −50 21.537 (4) 6.7273 (6) 18.267 (3) — 102.924 (7) — 1 C2 645 .054 1.352 T = temp (° C.) for the crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 2sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 12 below sets forth the positional parameters for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If at 25° C. TABLE 12 Table of Fractional Atomic Coordinates for 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If at T = 25° C. Atom X Y Z CL1 0.4766 0.0404 0.0954 O1 0.4009 0.0489 0.4240 O2 0.2487 0.0360 0.2866 O3 0.3361 0.3116 0.3700 O4 0.2980 −0.0335 0.5564 C1 0.4341 −0.0386 0.2933 C2 0.2694 −0.0045 0.4212 C3 0.3808 0.0618 0.4929 O5 0.2184 −0.1421 0.4159 O6 0.1438 0.7685 0.0893 C4 0.3553 0.1186 0.3597 C5 0.4405 0.0690 0.1713 C6 0.4608 −0.0547 0.2314 C7 0.2958 −0.0113 0.3508 C8 0.3662 0.2182 0.2312 C9 0.3737 0.3483 0.1029 O7 0.4545 −0.2052 0.5425 C10 0.3205 −0.0595 0.4899 C11 0.1993 0.4901 0.0635 C12 0.3137 0.4646 0.1010 C13 0.3863 0.0987 0.2935 C14 0.3927 0.2100 0.1692 C15 0.4368 −0.0055 0.5534 C16 0.2546 0.3872 0.0663 C17 0.2011 0.6771 0.0960 C18 0.3867 0.4541 0.3863 C19 0.3147 0.6507 0.1327 C20 0.2589 0.7579 0.1310 C21 0.0758 1.0412 0.0907 C22 0.1428 0.9704 0.1110 O8 0.1617 0.3320 0.3009 C23 0.0884 0.7849 0.2826 C24 0.1613 0.4969 0.2531 C25 0.1208 0.6569 0.2679 C26 0.0508 0.9415 0.3041 O9?* 0.0699 1.0883 0.3388 O10* 0.0921 0.9885 0.3889 H1 0.4482 −0.1199 0.3347 H2 0.2539 0.1293 0.4275 H3 0.3717 0.2007 0.5020 H4 0.4923 −0.1485 0.2306 H5 0.3090 −0.1481 0.3449 H6 0.3335 0.3078 0.2311 H7 0.4083 0.4406 0.1034 H8 03681 0.2711 0.0573 H9 0.3310 −0.1996 0.4860 H10 0.1605 0.4349 0.0399 H11 0.4728 0.0808 0.5536 H12 0.4259 0.0056 0.6018 H13 0.2525 0.2624 0.0444 H14 0.4194 0.4073 0.4272 H15 0.3705 0.5779 0.3998 H16 0.4041 0.4724 0.3430 H17 0.3536 0.7062 0.1557 H18 0.2607 0.8821 0.1533 H19 0.0586 1.0179 0.0384 H20 0.0746 1.1804 0.1009 H21 0.0510 0.9710 0.1197 H22 0.1691 1.0491 0.0855 H23 0.1594 0.9831 0.1645 H24 0.2242 0.1281 0.2970 H25 0.1826 −0.0801 0.4013 H26 0.2934 0.0916 0.5641 H27 0.4478 −0.2782 0.5791 H28 0.1742 0.3703 0.3468 H30 0.0208 0.9935 0.2512 H31 0.0199 0.8683 0.3354 H32 0.2091 0.5518 0.2594 H33 0.1436 0.4493 0.1953 *Atomic occupancy factor is 0.5 due to disorder of 2-butyne-1,4-diol solvent in the crystal structure.

Table 13 below sets forth unit cell parameters for the dimethanol solvate Ig. TABLE 13 Unit Cell Data for Dimethanol Solvate Ig Form T a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) M2-1 (Ig) −50 20.948 (3) 6.794 (2) 18.333 (2) — 102.91(2) — 1 C2 636 .038 1.314 T = temp (° C.) for the crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 2sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 14 below sets forth the positional parameters for the dimethanol solvate Ig at −50° C. TABLE 14 Table of Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Dimethanol Solvate Ig at T = −50° C. Atom X Y Z CL1 0.4845 0.0519 0.0975 O1 0.3999 0.0334 0.4222 O2 0.2438 0.0327 0.2837 O3 0.2919 −0.0365 0.5534 O4 0.2111 −0.1509 0.4115 O5 0.1409 0.7749 0.0877 O6 0.3348 0.2998 0.3692 C1 0.3785 0.0495 0.4912 O7 0.4528 −0.2193 0.5428 C2 0.4372 −0.0463 0.2932 C3 0.3958 0.2046 0.1690 C4 0.3540 0.1054 0.3588 C5 0.2917 −0.0207 0.3471 C6 0.2638 −0.0141 0.4180 C7 0.4666 −0.0556 0.2324 C8 0.4348 −0.0197 0.5521 C9 0.3871 0.0889 0.2923 C10 0.3148 0.4622 0.1014 C11 0.3669 0.2102 0.2310 C12 0.1971 0.4955 0.0616 C13 0.3756 0.3437 0.1035 C14 0.3159 −0.0680 0.4873 C15 0.2003 0.6811 0.0949 C16 0.2533 0.3883 0.0643 C17 0.4459 0.0675 0.1722 C18 0.3162 0.6471 0.1342 C19 0.2592 0.7551 0.1318 C20 03858 0.4414 0.3857 C21 0.0747 1.0555 0.0906 C22 0.1419 0.9708 0.1140 O8 0.1606 0.3410 0.3030 C23 0.1681 0.4908 0.2528 O9?* 0.0905 1.0537 0.3488 C24 0.0506 0.9411 0.3047 O10* 0.0871 0.9637 0.3888 H1 0.3698 0.1882 0.5000 H2 0.4508 −0.1297 0.3339 H3 0.3403 −0.1573 0.3401 H4 0.2477 0.1190 0.4240 H5 0.5002 −0.1450 0.2324 H6 0.4724 0.0642 0.5527 H7 0.4230 −0.0062 0.6000 H8 0.3330 0.2987 0.2309 H9 0.1568 0.4439 0.0375 H10 0.4115 0.4344 0.1041 H11 0.3694 0.2681 0.0576 H12 0.3262 −0.2083 0.4845 H13 0.2507 0.2654 0.0414 H14 0.3563 0.7000 0.1585 H15 0.2614 0.8773 0.1551 H16 0.4247 0.3814 0.4147 H17 0.3726 0.5474 0.4136 H18 0.3943 0.4912 0.3398 H19 0.0589 1.0375 0.0377 H20 0.0760 1.1934 0.1022 H21 0.0460 0.9899 0.1168 H22 0.1725 1.0486 0.0933 H23 0.1560 0.9729 0.1681 H24 0.2910 0.0922 0.5653 H25 0.1707 −0.0975 0.3970 H26 0.4393 −0.3086 0.5727 H27 0.2166 0.1321 0.2895 H28 0.1613 0.6164 0.2738 H29 0.1368 0.4726 0.2064 H30 0.2119 0.4855 0.2441 H31 0.1761 0.3807 0.3503 H32* 0.1139 1.1530 0.3322 H33* 0.0293 0.8376 0.3371 H34* 0.0122 1.0286 0.2705 H35* 0.0765 0.8620 0.2691 H36?* 0.0718 0.8698 0.4154 H37?* 0.0679 1.0520 0.2715 H38?* 0.0601 0.7968 0.2848 H39?* −0.0015 0.9590 0.2996 *Atomic occupancy factor is 0.5 due to disorder of methanol solvent in the crystal structure.

Unit cell parameters for the 1:2 L-proline complex form 3, formula Ih are listed below in Table 15. TABLE 15 Unit Cell Data for 1:2 L-Proline Complex (Ih) Form T° a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) N-1 (Ih) −60 10.311 (1) 11.334 (1) 27.497 (1) 95.94 99.22 90 4 P₁ 789 0.1 1.343 T = temp (° C.) for the crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 3sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 15A below sets forth the positional parameters for the 1:2 L-proline complex (Ih) neat form N−1 at T=−60° C. TABLE 15A Table of Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Compound Ih 1:2 Complex with L-Proline (Form N-1) Atom X Y Z Cl1 0.8511 0.3142 0.4683 O2 0.1890 0.4635 0.4796 O3 0.7564 0.4104 0.2284 O4 0.4729 0.5010 0.2885 O5 0.4376 0.6313 0.2067 O6 0.8989 0.3300 0.1500 C7 0.2926 0.3792 0.4153 C8 0.6818 0.2711 0.3799 C9 0.5724 0.5066 0.2584 C10 0.7120 0.3675 0.3085 C11 0.6191 0.5325 0.1740 O12 0.5675 0.5324 0.1226 C13 0.8659 0.4113 0.3834 C14 0.6573 0.3919 0.2567 C15 0.7888 0.3318 0.4049 C16 0.3975 0.3524 0.4995 C17 0.5114 0.5240 0.2053 C18 0.7053 0.4187 0.1784 C19 0.2907 0.3910 0.4630 C20 0.4894 0.2664 0.4264 C21 0.4996 0.2842 0.4793 C22 0.8273 0.4301 0.3341 C23 0.2056 0.4854 0.5344 C24 0.8279 0.4316 0.1519 C25 0.3898 0.3142 0.3967 C26 0.5990 0.1967 0.4055 C27 0.6395 0.2861 0.3305 C28 0.0776 0.5599 0.5411 Cl29 0.8615 0.7651 0.4622 O30 0.4735 1.0020 0.2917 O31 0.4387 1.1337 0.2094 O32 0.7479 0.9028 0.2288 O33 0.8902 0.8251 0.1497 C34 0.8261 0.9016 0.3336 C35 0.6485 0.8878 0.2580 O36 0.5610 1.0347 0.1249 C37 0.6759 0.7507 0.3797 C38 0.5079 1.0262 0.2062 C39 0.4780 0.7554 0.4220 C40 0.6312 0.7804 0.3315 O41 0.1584 0.9450 0.4656 C42 0.7041 0.8583 0.3076 C43 0.3624 0.6994 0.4359 C44 0.8678 0.8769 0.3809 C45 0.5696 1.0064 0.2602 C46 0.6975 0.9154 0.1787 C47 0.3635 0.9472 0.4341 C48 0.6156 1.0330 0.1758 C49 0.2666 0.7602 0.4513 C50 0.2689 0.8865 0.4494 C51 0.4642 0.8736 0.4176 C52 0.8214 0.9316 0.1526 C53 0.5864 0.6836 0.4051 C54 0.7948 0.8027 0.4039 C55 0.1465 1.0758 0.4752 C56 0.2078 1.0792 0.5264 C73 0.7131 0.5906 0.5918 C74 0.6549 0.5814 0.5389 Cl75 0.0092 0.3008 0.6072 O76 0.1209 0.5563 0.8403 O77 0.3970 0.6243 0.7788 C78 0.2253 0.5273 0.8121 C79 0.3613 0.6922 0.8623 C80 0.1934 0.3303 0.6884 C81 0.1674 0.4723 0.7614 C82 0.2412 0.3835 0.7390 C83 −0.0019 0.4492 0.6892 O84 0.4278 0.7982 0.8605 O85 −0.0213 0.5180 0.9192 C86 0.0441 0.5055 0.7380 O87 0.7087 0.4793 0.6025 C88 0.1729 0.5956 0.8909 C89 0.4982 0.4992 0.6339 C90 0.5097 0.2528 0.6324 C91 0.3008 0.6402 0.8083 C92 0.3983 0.4301 0.6518 O93 0.3078 0.7393 0.9449 C94 0.2809 0.2490 0.6650 C95 0.3930 0.3137 0.6470 C96 0.0746 0.3688 0.6663 C97 0.6122 0.3067 0.6180 C98 0.2545 0.7117 0.8934 C99 0.6095 0.4314 0.6189 C100 0.0478 0.6254 0.9173 Cl10 0.0184 0.8459 0.6019 O102 0.3952 1.1247 0.7804 O103 0.1147 1.0661 0.8415 O104 0.6781 0.9872 0.5898 O105 0.4317 1.2935 0.8633 C106 0.5806 0.9279 0.6059 C107 0.4768 0.8827 0.6738 C108 0.1859 0.8490 0.6890 C109 0.5840 0.9396 0.6532 C110 0.3778 0.8134 0.5924 C111 0.2988 1.1454 0.8102 O112 0.3053 1.2394 0.9473 O113 −0.0298 1.0236 0.9198 C114 0.1616 0.9797 0.7616 C115 0.4712 0.8729 0.5711 C116 0.1655 1.0994 0.8923 C117 0.2173 1.0311 0.8129 C118 0.2502 1.2127 0.8951 C119 0.3763 0.8179 0.6434 C120 0.0002 0.9826 0.6866 C121 0.6693 0.9881 0.5388 C122 0.2312 0.8864 0.7377 C123 0.3605 1.1913 0.8637 C124 0.0428 1.0292 0.7357 C125 0.7936 1.0536 0.5306 C126 0.0458 1.1266 0.9182 C127 0.0732 0.8975 0.6629 C128 0.2697 0.7610 0.6655 O129 0.1176 0.8835 0.2145 N130 0.2152 0.6016 0.2596 C131 0.1172 0.6843 0.2345 O132 0.2914 0.8241 0.2651 C133 0.1853 0.8095 0.2384 C134 0.1980 0.6021 0.3121 C135 0.0814 0.6857 0.3187 C136 0.0075 0.6839 0.2657 O137 0.5811 0.9560 0.8015 O138 0.7490 1.0434 0.8543 C139 0.7527 0.8332 0.8327 C140 0.6889 0.9523 0.8297 N141 0.6668 0.7335 0.8097 C142 0.6961 0.7064 0.7572 C143 0.8711 0.8236 0.8064 C144 0.8046 0.7903 0.7522 O145 0.2901 0.3199 0.2689 N146 0.2077 0.0992 0.2607 C147 0.1849 0.3081 0.2401 O148 0.1224 0.3825 0.2158 C149 0.1134 0.1822 0.2345 C150 −0.0001 0.1822 0.2639 C151 0.1765 0.0951 0.3122 C152 0.0624 0.1788 0.3149 C153 0.7503 0.3375 0.8345 O154 0.7509 0.5453 0.8549 O155 0.5797 0.4581 0.8039 N156 0.6576 0.2389 0.8101 C157 0.6884 0.4556 0.8306 C158 0.8656 0.3215 0.8057 C159 0.7926 0.2957 0.7527 C160 0.6813 0.2179 0.7580 O57 0.2706 0.6596 0.1242 O58 0.4116 0.7306 0.0823 N59 0.2962 0.9340 0.0695 C60 0.3243 0.7268 0.1018 C61 0.2366 0.8510 0.0985 C62 0.2021 0.9562 0.0266 C63 0.0946 0.8269 0.0685 C64 0.0736 0.9268 0.0393 O65 0.2708 0.1591 0.1241 O66 0.4177 0.2319 0.0834 N67 0.2949 0.4330 0.0684 C68 0.2341 0.3504 0.0971 C69 0.3311 0.2307 0.1033 C70 0.0690 0.4256 0.0394 C71 0.1944 0.4576 0.0266 C72 0.0916 0.3239 0.0659 C161 0.5540 0.4526 0.9706 O162 0.4543 0.4603 0.9840 O163 0.6026 0.3671 0.9467 N164 0.5722 0.6674 0.9975 C165 0.7962 0.6796 1.0284 C166 0.7705 0.5623 1.0029 C167 0.6633 0.7048 1.0426 C168 0.6369 0.5668 0.9718 N169 0.5736 1.1664 0.9988 C170 0.6413 1.0706 0.9734 C171 0.6566 1.2036 1.0440 C172 0.7913 1.1762 1.0303 C173 0.7728 1.0572 1.0049 O174 0.5984 0.8670 0.9446 O175 0.4528 0.9612 0.9826 C176 0.5532 0.9542 0.9687 H104 0.4098 0.4245 0.2757 H1 0.5933 0.3154 0.2391 H11 0.6757 0.6123 0.1863 H25 0.3866 0.3009 0.3571 H7 0.2181 0.4202 0.3906 H16 0.4003 0.3732 0.5389 H21 0.5801 0.2482 0.5031 H231 0.2065 0.4036 0.5514 H230 0.2944 0.5361 0.5495 H260 0.5550 0.1248 0.3793 H261 0.6617 0.1611 0.4357 H22 0.8817 0.4891 0.3161 H27 0.5549 0.2379 0.3095 H13 0.9521 0.4556 0.4051 H24B 0.8905 0.5029 0.1720 H24A 0.7945 0.4527 0.1146 H18 0.6455 0.3409 0.1637 H9 0.6364 0.5818 0.2730 H17 0.4471 0.4497 0.1897 H6O 0.9902 0.3430 0.1754 H5O 0.3733 0.6344 0.1718 H12 0.5145 0.6132 0.1167 H730 0.4058 0.9277 0.2777 H35 0.5824 0.8169 0.2387 H34 0.8870 0.9544 0.3141 H48 0.6718 1.1140 0.1882 H43 0.3564 0.6038 0.4332 H49 0.1884 0.7171 0.4650 H51 0.5357 0.9155 0.4000 H47 0.3640 1.0426 0.4342 H550 0.2010 1.1248 0.4533 H551 0.0459 1.1049 0.4708 H53A 0.5434 0.6098 0.3796 H53B 0.6443 0.6506 0.4370 H44 0.9590 0.9156 0.4010 H40 0.5387 0.7432 0.3119 H46 0.6347 0.8402 0.1631 H45 0.6370 1.0795 0.2743 H52B 0.8851 1.0006 0.1739 H52A 0.7895 0.9562 0.1157 H38 0.4415 0.9538 0.1901 H33O 0.9838 0.8359 0.1739 H36 0.5133 1.1183 0.1197 H31 0.3740 1.1406 0.1748 H78 0.2893 0.4626 0.8307 H91 0.2300 0.7037 0.7933 H79 0.4290 0.6296 0.8786 H73A 0.8131 0.6240 0.5975 H73B 0.6558 0.6475 0.6139 H97 0.6926 0.2563 0.6062 H90 0.5135 0.1579 0.6334 H92 0.3254 0.4776 0.6699 H89 0.4904 0.5936 0.6319 H94B 0.3235 0.1904 0.6915 H94A 0.2237 0.1976 0.6335 H83 −0.0976 0.4703 0.6701 H86 −0.0138 0.5707 0.7560 H82 0.3324 0.3549 0.7591 H98 0.1908 0.7806 0.8796 H88 0.2352 0.5280 0.9067 H100 −0.0156 0.6845 0.8964 H101 0.0795 0.6672 0.9544 H77O 0.4635 0.5569 0.7921 H84O 0.4937 0.8202 0.8949 H93O 0.3569 0.8249 0.9503 H85O −0.1149 0.5173 0.8950 H117 0.2800 0.9658 0.8316 H123 0.4233 1.1238 0.8797 H111 0.2317 1.2108 0.7948 H228 0.3143 0.7048 0.6931 H128 0.2074 0.7050 0.6363 H12A 0.6658 0.8985 0.5209 H12B 0.5824 1.0343 0.5241 H915 0.4621 0.8772 0.5316 H909 0.6624 0.9895 0.6775 H107 0.4780 0.8924 0.7134 H910 0.3024 0.7608 0.5678 H124 −0.0101 1.0987 0.7537 H120 −0.0905 1.0129 0.6667 H122 0.3164 0.8472 0.7576 H116 0.2250 1.0292 0.9073 H926 −0.0153 1.1891 0.8983 H826 0.0798 1.1653 0.9557 H118 0.1903 1.2849 0.8822 H902 0.4593 1.0560 0.7941 H105 0.4954 1.3127 0.8984 H112 0.3566 1.3240 0.9528 H113 −0.1207 1.0256 0.8942 H130 0.0880 0.6513 0.1960 H930 0.1989 0.5128 0.2411 H131 0.3065 0.6289 0.2579 H936 −0.0527 0.7614 0.2616 H137 −0.0535 0.6049 0.2555 H136 0.0202 0.6522 0.3427 H935 0.1160 0.7743 0.3334 H134 0.1753 0.5137 0.3200 H135 0.2861 0.6352 0.3365 H944 0.9296 0.9035 0.8114 H143 0.9361 0.7508 0.8190 H244 0.8750 0.7504 0.7303 H144 0.7682 0.8708 0.7360 H139 0.7802 0.8212 0.8719 H742 0.7271 0.6158 0.7513 H842 0.6099 0.7203 0.7306 H541 0.6871 0.6572 0.8300 H641 0.5726 0.7555 0.8089 H952 0.0994 0.2669 0.3315 H252 −0.0039 0.1476 0.3381 H150 −0.0603 0.2607 0.2596 H250 −0.0651 0.1042 0.2518 H151 0.1486 0.0063 0.3177 H152 0.2600 0.1251 0.3397 H460 0.1968 0.0115 0.2409 H461 0.3000 0.1287 0.2626 H149 0.0881 0.1498 0.1958 H161 0.7059 0.1256 0.7481 H160 0.5948 0.2388 0.7319 H159 0.7564 0.3753 0.7372 H259 0.8547 0.2500 0.7286 H153 0.7784 0.3252 0.8732 H958 0.9256 0.4012 0.8101 H959 0.9261 0.2481 0.8168 H957 0.6775 0.1597 0.8286 H956 0.5646 0.2627 0.8110 H620 0.2066 1.0481 0.0198 H62 0.2205 0.9003 −0.0057 H640 0.0377 1.0016 0.0607 H64 0.0037 0.9030 0.0061 H63 0.0897 0.7441 0.0449 H630 0.0231 0.8249 0.0931 H61 0.2352 0.8932 0.1354 H590 0.3226 1.0165 0.0923 H59 0.3766 0.8979 0.0586 H68 0.2264 0.3961 0.1333 H710 0.1967 0.5506 0.0213 H71 0.2110 0.4051 −0.0068 H700 0.0336 0.4977 0.0623 H70 −0.0021 0.4046 0.0062 H72 0.0901 0.2437 0.0409 H720 0.0195 0.3163 0.0900 H670 0.3256 0.5143 0.0915 H67 0.3726 0.3954 0.0559 H666 0.8439 0.5395 0.9797 H766 0.7706 0.4978 1.0292 H665 0.8720 0.6797 1.0604 H765 0.8229 0.7417 1.0042 H767 0.6538 0.7982 1.0537 H667 0.6468 0.6543 1.0723 H168 0.6429 0.5849 0.9344 H664 0.4798 0.6384 1.0063 H764 0.5568 0.7339 0.9761 H170 0.6545 1.0931 0.9372 H673 0.7695 0.9914 1.0304 H773 0.8485 1.0349 0.9826 H672 0.8184 1.2380 1.0061 H772 0.8655 1.1783 1.0629 H671 0.6469 1.2971 1.0548 H771 0.6369 1.1536 1.0734 H669 0.5570 1.2393 0.9763 H769 0.4876 1.1366 1.0054

Unit cell parameters for the 1:1 L-proline complex neat form N−1 (form 6), formula II are listed below in Table 16. TABLE 16 Unit Cell Data for 1:1 L-Proline Complex (Ii) Form T° a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) N-1 (Ii) −40 11.441 (1) 10.235 (1) 45.358 (1) 90 90 90 2 P2₁2₁2₁ 664 0.08 1.311 T = temp (° C.) for the crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 3sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 16A below sets forth the positional parameters for the 1:1 L-proline complex (Ii) neat form N−1 at T=−40° C. TABLE 16A Table of Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Compound Ii 1:1 Complex with L-Proline Atom X Y Z Cl1 0.4598 −0.1973 0.4564 C1 0.5901 −0.2370 0.3766 C2 0.4455 −0.0618 0.3755 C3 0.4764 −0.1649 0.4212 C4 0.5631 −0.2563 0.4083 C5 0.5270 −0.1401 0.3597 C6 0.4236 −0.0847 0.4052 C7 0.3350 0.0181 0.4193 C8 0.4043 0.1572 0.4619 C9 0.4038 0.1366 0.4305 C10 0.4700 0.2275 0.4154 O1 0.5531 −0.2303 0.3104 C11 0.6684 −0.0473 0.3232 C12 0.6871 −0.1530 0.2745 O2 0.6765 0.0755 0.3403 C13 0.5634 −0.2137 0.2780 C14 0.5532 −0.1047 0.3260 C15 0.6982 −0.0231 0.2901 C16 0.5401 −0.3394 0.2628 O3 0.7021 −0.1304 0.2442 O4 0.8064 0.0378 0.2896 O5 0.5831 0.4559 0.4668 C17 0.5134 0.3474 0.4583 C18 0.6039 0.5020 0.4977 C19 0.6740 0.6076 0.4990 O6 0.6178 −0.4307 0.2703 C20 0.4646 0.2450 0.4744 C21 0.5212 0.3364 0.4270 C12 −0.1014 −0.2193 0.4531 O7 0.0403 −0.2096 0.3126 C22 0.0502 −0.0977 0.3307 C23 −0.0026 −0.1191 0.3614 C24 0.1707 −0.0312 0.3288 C25 0.0641 −0.1848 0.2832 C26 0.1903 −0.1171 0.2772 C27 0.0159 −0.2652 0.4010 C28 0.0413 −0.3076 0.2646 O8 0.1732 0.0766 0.3473 C29 0.0527 −0.2262 0.3719 C30 −0.0488 −0.1911 0.4174 O9 0.2066 −0.1046 0.2477 C31 −0.1057 −0.0845 0.4057 C32 −0.0805 −0.0464 0.3769 C33 −0.1758 0.0315 0.4210 C34 −0.0962 0.3657 0.4497 C35 0.0119 0.1514 0.4289 C36 −0.1670 0.2596 0.4419 O10 0.0892 0.4864 0.4561 C37 0.0235 0.3777 0.4487 C38 0.0796 0.2657 0.4373 C39 0.2088 0.4743 0.4694 C40 0.2378 0.6027 0.4670 C41 −0.1056 0.1472 0.4292 O11 0.3103 0.0473 0.2955 C42 0.1927 −0.0117 0.2972 O12 0.1209 −0.4060 0.2699 C43 −0.1355 0.5267 0.3371 C44 −0.1317 0.4102 0.3168 N1 −0.2217 0.3229 0.3311 C45 −0.1578 0.4809 0.3661 C46 −0.2328 0.3526 0.3628 O13 0.0687 0.4002 0.3090 O14 −0.0027 0.2411 0.3344 C47 −0.0235 0.3422 0.3215 C48 0.3738 0.4173 0.3220 C49 0.3666 0.5397 0.3405 C50 0.3232 0.5141 0.3706 O15 0.5678 0.3983 0.3126 O16 0.4793 0.2316 0.3356 N2 0.2751 0.3408 0.3341 C51 0.2568 0.3858 0.3637 C52 0.4900 0.3392 0.3227 C53 0.1894 0.5037 0.4979 H1 0.2977 −0.0348 0.4380 H2 0.5158 0.5126 0.5088 H3 0.6427 0.4151 0.5106 H4 0.4640 0.2425 0.4980 H5 0.3557 0.0952 0.4743 H6 0.4028 0.0143 0.3656 H7 0.4846 −0.0412 0.3172 H8 0.7354 −0.1139 0.3309 H9 0.6383 0.0438 0.2803 H10 0.7509 −0.2206 0.2829 H11 0.4937 −0.1547 0.2692 H12 0.4535 −0.3750 0.2689 H13 0.5440 −0.3256 0.2395 H14 0.5987 0.1273 0.3371 H15 0.5850 −0.4862 0.2863 H16 0.2740 0.0426 0.4038 H17 0.7825 −0.0885 0.2400 H18 0.8274 0.0552 0.2680 H19 0.4902 0.2088 0.3946 H20 0.5540 0.4072 0.4143 H21 0.6504 −0.2925 0.3665 H22 0.6030 −0.3278 0.4194 H23 0.2586 −0.1789 0.2863 H24 0.1267 0.0606 0.2892 H25 0.2335 −0.1001 0.3377 H26 0.0060 −0.0175 0.3198 H27 −0.0022 −0.1194 0.2737 H28 −0.0459 −0.3511 0.2701 H29 0.0431 −0.2942 0.2411 H30 0.1118 −0.2782 0.3606 H31 −0.1170 0.0351 0.3696 H32 0.0467 −0.3485 0.4096 H33 −0.2543 0.2691 0.4432 H34 −0.1353 0.4445 0.4589 H35 0.0544 0.0664 0.4241 H36 0.1640 0.2598 0.4365 H37 −0.2417 0.0673 0.4058 H38 −0.2171 0.0017 0.4412 H39 0.2698 −0.0400 0.2435 H40 0.3320 0.0534 0.2734 H41 0.1058 0.1381 0.3420 H42 0.0874 −0.4719 0.2852 H43 −0.1506 0.4388 0.2950 H44 −0.0541 0.5810 0.3377 H45 −0.2055 0.5941 0.3310 H46 −0.0797 0.4553 0.3782 H47 −0.2106 0.5460 0.3796 H48 −0.3210 0.3680 0.3662 H49 −0.1958 0.2728 0.3734 H50 −0.2972 0.3381 0.3195 H51 −0.1983 0.2279 0.3269 H52 0.3544 0.4339 0.2980 H53 0.2791 0.3273 0.3822 H54 0.1634 0.4233 0.3683 H55 0.4032 0.5053 0.3835 H56 0.2799 0.6038 0.3764 H57 0.4555 0.5795 0.3393 H58 0.3097 0.6065 0.3283 H59 0.2013 0.3456 0.3219 H60 0.2977 0.2420 0.3345

Unit cell parameters for the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate complex H.5-2 Ij are listed below in Table 17. TABLE 17 Unit Cell Data for Compound I Complex with L-Proline Hemihydrate Form H.5-2 Form T° C. a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) α° β° γ° Z′ SG V_(m) R D_(calc) H.5-2 −40 11.539 10.199 23.183 103.96 97.16 90.25 4 P₁ 656 .06 1.349 T = temp (° C.) for the crystallographic data Z′ = number of drug molecules per asymmetric unit V_(m) = V (unit cell)/(Z drug molecules per cell) R = residual index (I > 2sigma (I)) D_(calc) = density of crystal calculated SG = space group

Table 18 below sets forth the positional parameters for the 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate form H.5-2 Ij. TABLE 18 Table of Fractional Atomic Coordinates for Compound Ij 1:1 Complex with L-Proline Hemihydrate Form H.5-2 at T = −40° C. Atom X Y Z CL1 −0.3207 0.2999 0.1007 O2 −0.0812 0.4445 0.3860 O3 0.1266 0.3986 0.5119 O4 0.0226 0.1123 0.3131 O5 0.1988 0.2024 0.4116 C6 −0.0400 0.4518 0.4471 C7 0.0829 0.3978 0.4505 C8 0.0836 0.2539 0.4134 O9 0.0185 0.6897 0.4693 C10 0.0320 0.2460 0.3495 C11 −0.1475 0.3075 0.2867 C12 −0.0536 0.5937 0.4833 C13 −0.2858 0.1976 0.1996 O14 −0.1314 −0.4139 0.0970 C15 −0.0913 0.3083 0.3494 C16 −0.2316 0.2099 0.2582 C17 −0.1691 0.4011 0.2002 C18 −0.1786 −0.0508 0.1507 C19 −0.3006 −0.0480 0.1494 C20 −0.3629 −0.1768 0.1287 C21 −0.1830 −0.2916 0.1133 C22 −0.1179 0.4052 0.2576 C23 −0.1249 −0.1696 0.1325 C24 −0.2541 0.3000 0.1727 C25 −0.3658 0.0787 0.1687 C26 −0.3038 −0.2938 0.1114 C27 −0.0150 −0.4216 0.0824 C28 −0.0248 −0.4143 0.0214 CL29 0.6985 0.3144 0.9332 O30 0.9914 0.4113 0.6104 O31 0.7834 0.1123 0.6447 O32 0.8541 0.4766 0.7040 C33 0.7408 0.2570 0.7376 O34 0.9142 0.1720 0.5162 O35 0.7084 −0.1271 0.5485 C36 0.7611 0.2500 0.6736 O37 0.8359 0.9717 0.9453 C38 0.7967 0.0998 0.5824 C39 0.8661 0.3408 0.6732 C40 0.8113 −0.0517 0.5552 C41 0.6608 0.3487 0.7637 C42 0.8842 0.3295 0.6081 C43 0.7928 0.2013 0.8324 C44 0.6478 0.3693 0.8244 C45 0.9041 0.1825 0.5787 C46 0.7116 0.2945 0.8580 C47 0.7693 0.8565 0.9247 C48 0.6523 0.6699 0.9393 C49 0.6372 0.6130 0.8784 C50 0.6886 0.6798 0.8418 C51 0.8079 0.1861 0.7731 C52 0.7539 0.8018 0.8657 C53 0.7171 0.7906 0.9638 C54 0.8594 1.0293 1.0095 C55 0.5690 0.4784 0.8512 C56 0.9344 1.1572 1.0187 CL57 0.1318 0.2860 0.9213 O58 0.2325 0.1474 0.6392 O59 0.3774 0.4788 0.7078 O60 0.3769 0.1826 0.5107 O61 0.5074 0.3673 0.6076 C62 0.2155 0.2845 0.7366 C63 0.2440 0.2856 0.6735 C64 0.2590 0.1866 0.7641 C65 0.3642 0.3439 0.6737 C66 0.1310 0.6369 0.8752 C67 0.3659 0.1865 0.5718 C68 0.2203 −0.0149 0.5444 C69 0.2495 0.6414 0.8737 C70 0.2339 0.1891 0.8206 C71 0.2440 0.1366 0.5760 C72 0.2691 0.8826 0.9099 C73 0.3878 0.3310 0.6097 C74 0.0797 0.7646 0.8952 C75 0.1225 0.3883 0.8232 O76 0.0935 −0.0372 0.5272 C77 0.1466 0.3834 0.7646 C78 0.1643 0.2886 0.8500 C79 0.3160 0.7598 0.8907 O80 0.3243 1.0074 0.9263 C81 0.0564 0.5089 0.8537 C82 0.1501 0.8831 0.9123 C83 0.4517 1.0168 0.9429 C84 0.4736 1.0085 1.0039 CL85 0.2353 0.2852 0.0943 O86 0.4643 0.4578 0.3847 O87 0.6924 0.1640 0.4142 C88 0.4307 0.3235 0.3510 O89 0.6471 0.3804 0.5135 C90 0.5401 0.2370 0.3503 O91 0.4314 0.6909 0.4760 C92 0.5025 0.4655 0.4471 C93 0.3782 0.3234 0.2879 O94 0.3688 −0.3850 0.0770 C95 0.2412 0.2163 0.2011 O96 0.5177 0.1054 0.3143 C97 0.5871 0.2380 0.4145 C98 0.5309 0.6092 0.4771 C99 0.6100 0.3805 0.4525 C100 0.3806 0.3946 0.1963 C101 0.2856 0.2342 0.2611 C102 0.3122 −0.2671 0.0968 C103 0.1491 0.1041 0.1716 C104 0.2436 −0.2032 0.0581 C105 0.2886 0.3016 0.1694 C106 0.3259 −0.2129 0.1566 C107 0.4243 0.4052 0.2556 C108 0.1916 −0.0835 0.0830 C109 0.3595 −0.4411 0.0145 C110 0.2039 −0.0262 0.1455 C111 0.2741 −0.0939 0.1807 C112 0.4263 −0.5693 0.0039 O113 0.6465 0.6039 0.6797 O114 0.7349 0.7473 0.6386 N115 0.4575 0.7439 0.6955 C116 0.6529 0.7073 0.6592 C117 0.5581 0.9376 0.6856 C118 0.4708 0.8468 0.7558 C119 0.5406 0.7887 0.6584 C120 0.5558 0.9548 0.7523 O121 0.1830 0.6331 0.6898 O122 0.2453 0.7852 0.6450 N123 −0.0372 0.6985 0.6789 C124 0.0468 0.7797 0.6565 C125 0.0382 0.9228 0.6945 C126 0.1683 0.7269 0.6638 C127 0.0337 0.8955 0.7569 C128 −0.0365 0.7591 0.7436 N129 −0.3701 −0.1217 0.3442 C130 −0.1562 −0.1273 0.3652 O131 −0.1554 −0.0439 0.3345 O132 −0.0663 −0.1700 0.3912 C133 −0.2876 −0.3360 0.3362 C134 −0.2710 −0.1891 0.3727 C135 −0.3924 −0.1926 0.2793 C136 −0.3216 −0.3192 0.2720 O137 0.4232 −0.1933 0.3831 O138 0.3366 −0.0501 0.3332 C139 0.2187 −0.2024 0.3678 N140 0.1226 −0.1310 0.3394 C141 0.3337 −0.1410 0.3604 C142 0.1992 −0.3502 0.3341 C143 0.1599 −0.3386 0.2693 C144 0.0885 −0.2109 0.2771 O145 0.2926 0.5997 0.5452 O146 0.5342 −0.0128 0.4878 H150 −0.0975 0.3899 0.4641 H151 0.1418 0.4590 0.4337 H152 0.0313 0.1936 0.4337 H154 0.0862 0.3044 0.3298 H155 −0.1430 0.6195 0.4745 H156 −0.0310 0.5943 0.5295 H157 −0.1495 0.2477 0.3663 H158 −0.2539 0.1367 0.2824 H159 −0.1435 0.4768 0.1772 H160 −0.1255 0.0440 0.1660 H161 −0.4573 −0.1862 0.1271 H162 −0.0551 0.4859 0.2809 H163 −0.0294 −0.1642 0.1321 H164 −0.4249 0.0580 0.1988 H165 −0.4172 0.0974 0.1293 H166 −0.3545 −0.3888 0.0944 H167 0.0443 −0.3425 0.1127 H168 0.0247 −0.5195 0.0867 H169 0.0584 −0.4150 0.0027 H170 −0.0829 −0.4910 −0.0091 H171 −0.0634 −0.3139 0.0169 H176 0.6840 0.2850 0.6494 H177 0.7179 0.1342 0.5591 H178 0.9431 0.3006 0.6953 H179 0.8770 −0.0884 0.5846 H180 0.8408 −0.0648 0.5117 H181 0.6098 0.4044 0.7359 H182 0.8091 0.3693 0.5861 H183 0.8427 0.1385 0.8583 H184 0.9803 0.1446 0.6000 H185 0.6091 0.6187 0.9683 H186 0.6794 0.6399 0.7942 H187 0.8728 0.1192 0.7530 H188 0.7902 0.8541 0.8361 H189 0.7271 0.8353 1.0122 H190 0.7735 1.0569 1.0277 H191 0.8986 0.9597 1.0334 H192 0.5005 0.4927 0.8176 H193 0.5288 0.4505 0.8873 H194 0.9545 1.2094 1.0658 H195 1.0166 1.1315 1.0008 H196 0.8915 1.2288 0.9952 H200 0.1797 0.3464 0.6531 H201 0.3128 0.1093 0.7423 H202 0.4283 0.2823 0.6914 H203 0.4309 0.1186 0.5873 H204 0.2676 −0.0437 0.5075 H205 0.2503 −0.0734 0.5778 H206 0.2938 0.5478 0.8573 H207 0.2667 0.1115 0.8435 H208 0.1813 0.2008 0.5579 H209 0.3311 0.3978 0.5902 H210 −0.0167 0.7728 0.8951 H212 0.1131 0.4619 0.7424 H213 0.4107 0.7527 0.8914 H214 0.0235 0.4869 0.8923 H215 −0.0164 0.5268 0.8227 H216 0.1131 0.9807 0.9295 H217 0.5000 0.9375 0.9142 H218 0.4930 1.1146 0.9386 H219 0.5658 1.0153 1.0225 H220 0.4299 1.0899 1.0326 H221 0.4370 0.9127 1.0082 H223 0.3659 0.2811 0.3724 H225 0.6059 0.2835 0.3311 H227 0.4295 0.4306 0.4673 H229 0.5247 0.1893 0.4346 H230 0.5953 0.6489 0.4536 H231 0.5686 0.6221 0.5232 H232 0.6812 0.4246 0.4357 H233 0.4161 0.4554 0.1692 H234 0.2450 0.1769 0.2870 H235 0.0958 0.0890 0.2045 H236 0.0943 0.1338 0.1355 H237 0.2331 −0.2409 0.0101 H238 0.3791 −0.2651 0.1858 H239 0.4960 0.4787 0.2767 H240 0.1390 −0.0325 0.0529 H241 0.2692 −0.4672 −0.0046 H242 0.3958 −0.3734 −0.0080 H243 0.2899 −0.0523 0.2290 H244 0.4221 −0.6177 −0.0443 H245 0.5184 −0.5490 0.0216 H246 0.3917 −0.6427 0.0251 H248 0.4793 0.6449 0.7024 H249 0.6424 0.9714 0.6756 H250 0.4899 0.9910 0.6668 H251 0.3871 0.8958 0.7636 H252 0.4974 0.8010 0.7924 H253 0.4998 0.7712 0.6119 H254 0.6437 0.9322 0.7755 H255 0.5346 1.0526 0.7757 H257 −0.1244 0.7021 0.6547 H258 0.0245 0.7713 0.6086 H259 0.1125 0.9882 0.6931 H260 −0.0412 0.9702 0.6791 H261 0.1221 0.8814 0.7786 H262 −0.0061 0.9737 0.7872 H263 −0.1266 0.7806 0.7533 H264 0.0003 0.6937 0.7698 H265 −0.4482 −0.1282 0.3648 H267 −0.2055 −0.3921 0.3406 H268 −0.3541 −0.3919 0.3515 H269 −0.2776 −0.1726 0.4197 H270 −0.4835 −0.2219 0.2664 H271 −0.3651 −0.1301 0.2520 H272 −0.2450 −0.3036 0.2505 H273 −0.3737 −0.4037 0.2429 H275 0.2126 −0.1876 0.4150 H276 0.0471 −0.1254 0.3631 H277 0.2819 −0.4071 0.3370 H278 0.1354 −0.4038 0.3515 H279 0.2344 −0.3225 0.2459 H280 0.1069 −0.4219 0.2420 H281 −0.0019 −0.2405 0.2681 H282 0.1098 −0.1545 0.2449 H4O −0.0494 0.0591 0.3246 H5O 0.2411 0.2106 0.4570 H3O 0.1948 0.4772 0.5288 H9O −0.0304 0.7367 0.4370 H91O 0.4288 0.7378 0.4387 H89O 0.5701 0.3737 0.5359 H87O 0.7447 0.1972 0.4579 H96O 0.4441 0.0598 0.3281 H32O 0.7685 0.5088 0.6888 H30 1.0223 0.3832 0.5666 H34 0.9788 0.0971 0.5019 H35O 0.7109 −0.1813 0.5836 H60O 0.4380 0.1072 0.4941 H61 0.5322 0.4602 0.6402 H59O 0.2991 0.5325 0.6984 H76 0.0757 −0.1438 0.5063 H29N −0.3483 −0.0232 0.3484 H40N 0.1520 −0.0373 0.3393 H15N 0.3746 0.7405 0.6748 H23N −0.0113 0.6018 0.6728 H946 0.4919 −0.0828 0.4471 H1W 0.2742 0.6734 0.5848 H846 0.6016 −0.0665 0.5089 H2W 0.3486 0.6479 0.5212

Utilities and Combinations

A. Utilities

The compound of the present invention possesses activity as an inhibitor of the sodium dependent glucose transporters found in the intestine and kidney of mammals. Preferably, the compound of the invention is a selective inhibitor of renal SGLT2 activity, and therefore may be used in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with SGLT2 activity.

Accordingly, the compound of the present invention can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to, treating or delaying the progression or onset of diabetes (including Type I and Type II, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and cataracts), hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, elevated blood levels of free fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, wound healing, tissue ischemia, atherosclerosis and hypertension. The compound of the present invention may also be utilized to increase the blood levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL).

In addition, the conditions, diseases, and maladies collectively referenced to as “Syndrome X” or Metabolic Syndrome as detailed in Johannsson, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 727-34 (1997), may be treated employing the compound of the present invention.

The crystalline compounds (S)-PG (SC-3) (Ia), (R)-PG (SD-3) (Ib), SA-1 (Ic), SB-1 (Id), SB-2 (Ie) 1:2 L-proline complex form 3 (Ih), 1:1 L-proline complex form 6 (Ii) 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate complex form H.5-2 (Ij) and 1:1.3 L-phenylalanine complex form 2 (Ik) may be administered in dosage forms and in dosages as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,117 the disclosure of which in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference.

B. Combinations

The present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, including (S)-PG(form SC-3, Ia), (R)-PG (form SD-3, Ib), SA-1 (Ic), SB-1 (Id), SB-2 (Ie), 1:2 L-proline complex form 3 (Ih), 1:1 L-proline complex form 6 (Ii), 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate complex form H.5-2 (Ij), and 1:1.3 L-phenylalanine complex form 2 (Ik), alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent. Optionally, the compound of the present invention can be utilized as an individual treatment, or utilized in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s).

Other “therapeutic agent(s)” suitable for combination with the compound of the present invention include, but are not limited to, known therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: anti-diabetic agents; anti-hyperglycemic agents; hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents; anti-obesity agents; anti-hypertensive agents and appetite suppressants.

Examples of suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination with the compound of the present invention include biguanides (e.g., metformin or phenformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose or miglitol), insulins (including insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers), meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, gliclazide, chlorpropamide and glipizide), biguanide/glyburide combinations (e.g., Glucovance®), thiazolidinediones (e.g., troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists, PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, inhibitors of fatty acid binding protein (aP2), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or other agonists of the GLP-1 receptor, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors.

It is believed that the use of the compound of formula I in combination with at least one or more other antidiabetic agent(s) provides antihyperglycemic results greater than that possible from each of these medicaments alone and greater than the combined additive anti-hyperglycemic effects produced by these medicaments.

Other suitable thiazolidinediones include Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,016), Glaxo-Wellcome's faraglitazar (GI-262570), englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), reglitazar (JTT-501) (JPNT/P&U), rivoglitazone (R-119702) (Sankyo/WL), liraglutide (N,N-2344) (Dr. Reddy/NN), or (Z)-1,4-bis-4-[(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-2-yl-methyl)]phenoxybut-2-ene (YM-440, Yamanouchi).

Examples of PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists and PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists include muraglitazar, peliglitazar, tesaglitazar AR-HO39242 Astra/Zeneca, GW-501516 (Glaxo-Wellcome), KRP297 (Kyorin Merck) as well as those disclosed by Murakami et al, “A Novel Insulin Sensitizer Acts As a Coligand for Peroxisome Proliferation—Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma. Effect on PPAR alpha Activation on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Zucker Fatty Rats”, Diabetes, 47, 1841-1847 (1998), WO 01/21602 and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,314, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, employing dosages as set out therein, which compounds designated as preferred are preferred for use herein.

Suitable aP2 inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/391,053, filed Sep. 7, 1999, and in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/519,079, filed Mar. 6, 2000, employing dosages as set out herein.

Suitable DPP4 inhibitors include those disclosed in WO 99/38501, WO 99/46272, WO 99/67279 (PROBIODRUG), WO 99/67278 (PROBIODRUG), WO 99/61431 (PROBIODRUG), NVP-DPP728A (1-[[[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine) (Novartis) as disclosed by Hughes et al., Biochemistry, 38(36), 11597-11603, 1999, TSL-225 (tryptophyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (disclosed by Yamada et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. 8 (1998) 1537-1540), 2-cyanopyrrolidides and 4-cyanopyrrolidides, as disclosed by Ashworth et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett., Vol. 6, No. 22, pp. 1163-1166 and 2745-2748 (1996), the compounds disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/899,641, WO 01/68603 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,767, employing dosages as set out in the above references.

Other suitable meglitinides include nateglinide (Novartis) or KAD1229 (PF/Kissei).

Examples of suitable anti-hyperglycemic agents for use in combination with the compound of the present invention include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) such as GLP-1(1-36) amide, GLP-1 (7-36) amide, GLP-1(7-37) (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,492), as well as exenatide (Amylin/Lilly), LY-315902 (Lilly), MK-0431 (Merck), liraglutide (NovoNordisk), ZP-10 (Zealand Pharmaceuticals A/S), CJC-1131 (Conjuchem Inc), and the compounds disclosed in WO 03/033671.

Examples of suitable hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents for use in combination with the compound of the present invention include one or more MTP inhibitors, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, fibric acid derivatives, ACAT inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, ileal Na⁺/bile acid co-transporter inhibitors, up-regulators of LDL receptor activity, bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol ester transfer protein (e.g., CETP inhibitors, such as torcetrapib (CP-529414, Pfizer) and JTT-705 (Akros Pharma)), PPAR agonists (as described above) and/or nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof.

MTP inhibitors which may be employed as described above include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,872, U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,135, U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,279, U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,246, U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,875, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,983 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,440.

The HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed in combination with one or more compound of formula I include mevastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,140, lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938, pravastatin and related compounds, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227, simvastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,448,784 and 4,450,171. Other HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed herein include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,772, cerivastatin, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,006,530 and 5,177,080, atorvastatin, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,681,893, 5,273,995, 5,385,929 and 5,686,104, atavastatin (Nissan/Sankyo's nisvastatin (NK-104)), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,930, visastatin (Shionogi-Astra/Zeneca (ZD-4522)), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,440, and related statin compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,675, pyrazole analogs of mevalonolactone derivatives, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,610, indene analogs of mevalonolactone derivatives, as disclosed in PCT application WO 86/03488, 6-[2-(substituted-pyrrol-1-yl)-alkyl)pyran-2-ones and derivatives thereof, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,576, Searle's SC-45355 (a 3-substituted pentanedioic acid derivative) dichloroacetate, imidazole analogs of mevalonolactone, as disclosed in PCT application WO 86/07054, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-propane-phosphonic acid derivatives, as disclosed in French Patent No. 2,596,393, 2,3-disubstituted pyrrole, furan and thiophene derivatives, as disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0221025, naphthyl analogs of mevalonolactone, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,237, octahydronaphthalenes, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,289, keto analogs of mevinolin (lovastatin), as disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0142146 A2, and quinoline and pyridine derivatives, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,506,219 and 5,691,322.

Preferred hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin and ZD-4522.

In addition, phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, such as those disclosed in GB 2205837, are suitable for use in combination with the compound of the present invention.

The squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, α-phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,396, those disclosed by Biller et al., J. Med. Chem., 1988, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 1869-1871, including isoprenoid (phosphinyl-methyl)phosphonates, as well as other known squalene synthetase inhibitors, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,721 and 4,924,024 and in Biller, S. A., Neuenschwander, K., Ponpipom, M. M., and Poulter, C. D., Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2, 1-40 (1996).

In addition, other squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by P. Ortiz de Montellano et al, J. Med. Chem., 1977, 20, 243-249, the farnesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ-PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey and Volante, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 1291-1293, phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R. W. et al., J.A.C.S., 1987, 109, 5544 and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T. L., PhD dissertation, June, 1987, Dept. Med. Chem. U of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51, Summary.

The fibric acid derivatives which may be employed in combination the compound of formula I include fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,836, probucol and gemfibrozil being preferred, bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (Secholex®, Policexide®), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphos-phorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid, acipimox, acifran, neomycin, p-aminosalicylic acid, aspirin, poly(diallylmethylamine) derivatives, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,923, quaternary amine poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and ionenes, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,009, and other known serum cholesterol lowering agents.

The ACAT inhibitor which may be employed in combination the compound of formula I include those disclosed in Drugs of the Future 24, 9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); “The ACAT inhibitor, C1-1011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters”, Nicolosi et al., Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel). (1998), 137(1), 77-85; “The pharmacological profile of FCE 27677: a novel ACAT inhibitor with potent hypolipidemic activity mediated by selective suppression of the hepatic secretion of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein”, Ghiselli, Giancarlo, Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. (1998), 16(1), 16-30; “RP 73163: a bioavailable alkylsulfinyl-diphenylimidazole ACAT inhibitor”, Smith, C., et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1996), 6(1), 47-50; “ACAT inhibitors: physiologic mechanisms for hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities in experimental animals”, Krause et al, Editor(s): Ruffolo, Robert R., Jr.; Hollinger, Mannfred A., Inflammation: Mediators Pathways (1995), 173-98, Publisher: CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.; “ACAT inhibitors: potential anti-atherosclerotic agents”, Sliskovic et al., Curr. Med. Chem. (1994), 1(3), 204-25; “Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase (ACAT) as hypocholesterolemic agents. 6. The first water-soluble ACAT inhibitor with lipid-regulating activity. Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). 7. Development of a series of substituted N-phenyl-N′-[(1-phenylcyclopentyl)methyl]ureas with enhanced hypocholesterolemic activity”, Stout et al., Chemtracts: Org. Chem. (1995), 8(6), 359-62, or TS-962 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd).

The hypolipidemic agent may be an up-regulator of LD2 receptor activity, such as 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone,3-(13-hydroxy-10-oxotetradecyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-(MD-700, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and cholestan-3-ol,4-(2-propenyl)-(3a,4a,5a)-(LY295427, Eli Lilly).

Examples of suitable cholesterol absorption inhibitor for use in combination with the compound of the invention include SCH48461 (Schering-Plough), as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis 115, 45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem. 41, 973 (1998).

Examples of suitable ileal Na⁺/bile acid co-transporter inhibitors for use in combination with the compound of the invention include compounds as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24, 425-430 (1999).

The lipoxygenase inhibitors which may be employed in combination the compound of formula I include 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitors, such as benzimidazole derivatives, as disclosed in WO 97/12615, 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed in WO 97/12613, isothiazolones, as disclosed in WO 96/38144, and 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed by Sendobry et al “Attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits with a highly selective 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor lacking significant antioxidant properties”, Brit. J. Pharmacology (1997) 120, 1199-1206, and Cornicelli et al, “15-Lipoxygenase and its Inhibition: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Vascular Disease”, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 1999, 5, 11-20.

Examples of suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combination with the compound of the present invention include beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type; e.g. diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil), diuretics (e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride, spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril, pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisinopril), AT-1 receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan, irbesartan, valsartan), ET receptor antagonists (e.g., sitaxsentan, atrsentan and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,359 and 6,043,265), Dual ET/AII antagonist (e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389), neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACE inhibitors) (e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat), and nitrates.

Examples of suitable anti-obesity agents for use in combination with the compound of the present invention include a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, a lipase inhibitor, a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor, a thyroid receptor beta drug, 5HT2C agonists, (such as Arena APD-356); MCHR1 antagonists such as Synaptic SNAP-7941 and Takeda T-226926, melanocortin receptor (MC4R) agonists, melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR) antagonists (such as Synaptic SNAP-7941 and Takeda T-226926), galanin receptor modulators, orexin antagonists, CCK agonists, NPY1 or NPY5 antagonist, NPY2 and NPY4 modulators, corticotropin releasing factor agonists, histamine receptor-3 (H3) modulators, 11-beta-HSD-1 inhibitors, adinopectin receptor modulators, monoamine reuptake inhibitors or releasing agents, a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF, such as AXOKINE® by Regeneron), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), leptin and leptin receptor modulators, cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists (such as SR-141716 (Sanofi) or SLV-319 (Solvay)), and/or an anorectic agent.

The beta 3 adrenergic agonists which may be optionally employed in combination with compound of the present invention include AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer,) or other known beta 3 agonists, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,204, 5,770,615, 5,491,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064.

Examples of lipase inhibitors which may be optionally employed in combination with compound of the present invention include orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme).

The serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor (or serotonin receptor agonists) which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of the present invention may be BVT-933 (Biovitrum), sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson) or axokine (Regeneron).

Examples of thyroid receptor beta compounds which may be optionally employed in combination with the compound of the present invention include thyroid receptor ligands, such as those disclosed in WO 97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO 99/00353 (KaroBio) and WO 00/039077 (KaroBio).

The monoamine reuptake inhibitors which may be optionally employed in combination with compound of the present invention include fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, chlorphentermine, cloforex, clortermine, picilorex, sibutramine, dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol.

The anorectic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with the compound of the present invention include topiramate (Johnson & Johnson), dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol.

The aforementioned patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference.

The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination with the compound of the present invention may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference, as in the patents set out above or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. 

1. A crystalline structure of a compound of formula I


2. The crystalline structure according to claim 1 comprising a structure selected from the group consisting of (S)-PG (form SC-3), (R)-PG (form SD-3), EtOH (form SA-1), ethylene glycol (EG) structure (form SB-1) and ethylene glycol (EG) structure (form SB-2), 1:2 L-proline structure (form 3), 1:1 L-proline structure (form 6), 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate structure (form H.5-2), and 1:1 L-phenylalanine structure (form 2).
 3. The crystalline structure of claim 2 wherein each of said structures is in substantially pure form.
 4. A crystalline structure of a compound of formula I

in the form of its propylene glycol solvate.
 5. An (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate of the structure (form SC-3)


6. The crystalline structure (S)-PG (form SC-3) according to claim 5 characterized by one or more of the following: a) unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following: Cell dimensions: a=11.2688(8) Å b=4.8093(3) Å c=46.723(3) Å α=90 degrees β=90 degrees γ=90 degrees Space group=P2₁2₁2₁, Molecules/asymmetric unit=1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at room temperature and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table 4; b) a powder x-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2θ values (CuKα λ=1.5418 Å) selected from the group consisting of 3.8±0.1, 7.6±0.1, 8.1±0.1, 8.7±0.1, 15.2±0.1, 15.7.4±0.1, 17.1±0.1, 18.9±0.1 and 20.1±0.1, at room temperature; c) a solid state ¹³C NMR spectrum having substantially similar peak positions at 16.2, 17.6, 39.3, 60.9, 63.3, 69.8, 76.9, 78.7, 79.4, 113.8, 123.6, 129.3, 130.5, 132.0, 135.7, 139.1 and 158.0 ppm, as determined on a 400 MHz spectrometer relative to TMS at zero; d) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm in the range of about 50° C. to 78° C. or as shown in FIG. 7; e) thermal gravimetric analysis curve with about 18.7% weight loss from about room temperature up to about 240° C. or as shown in FIG. 5; or f) having a proton NMR having substantially similar peak positions as listed in Table 1A.
 7. The crystalline structure (R)-PG (form SD-3) according to claim 5 having the formula 1b


8. The crystalline structure (R)-PG according to claim 2 characterized by one or more of the following: a) a powder x-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2θ values (CuKα λ=1.5418 Å) selected from the group consisting of 3.9±0.1, 8.0±0.1, 8.7±0.1, 15.3±0.1, 15.6±0.1, 17.2±0.1, 19.2±0.1, 19.9±0.1 and 20.3±0.1, at room temperature; b) a solid state ¹³C NMR spectrum having substantially similar peak positions at 15.8, 17.6, 39.0, 60.9, 63.2, 67.4, 69.7, 77.3, 79.2, 79.8, 113.3, 123.6, 129.0, 130.4, 132.0, 135.6, 139.2 and 157.9 ppm, as determined on a 400 MHz spectrometer relative to TMS at zero; c) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm in the range of about 43° C. to 60° C. or as shown in FIG. 8; or d) thermal gravimetric analysis curve with about 18.7% weight loss from about room temperature up to about 235° C. or as shown in FIG.
 6. 9. The crystalline structure EtOH (form SA-1) according to claim 2 characterized by one or more of the unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following: Cell dimensions: a=11.519(1) Å b=4.799(1) Å c=22.648(1) Å α=−degrees β32 94.58(1) degrees γ=−degrees Space group=P2₁ Molecules/asymmetric unit 1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at −50° C. and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table
 6. 10. The crystalline structure EG (form SB-1) according to claim 2 characterized by one or more unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following: a solid state ¹³C NMR spectrum having substantially similar peak positions at 12.49, 59.16, 60.61, 60.69, 68.10, 72.51, 76.11, 78.51, 79.02, 112.09, 125.16, 126.47, 127.38, 128.61, 129.02, 129.73, 135.62, 137.48, and 154.70 ppm, as determined on a 400 MHz spectrometer relative to TMS at zero: Cell dimensions: a=11.593(8) Å b=4.766(5) Å c=22.78(3) Å α=−degrees β=93.38(9) degrees γ=−degrees Space group P2₁ Molecules/asymmetric unit 1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at −50° C. and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table
 8. 11. The crystalline structure EG (SB-2) according to claim 2 characterized by one or more unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following: Cell dimensions: a=11.4950(1) Å b=4.7443(1) Å c=44.4154(5) Å α=−degrees β=−degrees γ=−degrees Space group P2₁2₁2₁ Molecules/asymmetric unit 1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at room temperature and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table
 10. 12. The crystalline structure 1:2 L-proline complex Ih form 3 according to claim 2 characterized by one or more of the following: Cell dimensions (at −60° C.): a=10.311(1) Å b=11.334(1) Å c=27.497(1) Å α=95.94 degrees β=99.22 degrees γ=90 degrees Space group=P₁ Molecules/asymmetric unit 4 which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates as listed in Table 15A; a) a powder x-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2θ values (CuKα λ=1.5418 Å) selected from the group consisting of 3.3±0.1, 6.5±0.1, 8.6±0.1, 15.7±0.1, 16.4±0.1, 17.2±0.1, 18.9±0.1, 19.8±0.1 and 20.3±0.1, at room temperature; b) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm of 185° C. or as shown in FIG. 19; or c) thermal gravimetric analysis curve with negligible weight loss up to 150° C. or as shown in FIG.
 16. 13. The crystalline structure 1:1 L-proline complex Ii form 6 according to claim 2 characterized by one or more of the following: Cell dimensions (at −40° C.): a=11.441(1) Å b=10.235(1) Å c=45.358(1) Å α=90 degrees β=90 degrees γ=90 degrees Space group=P2₁2₁2₁ Molecules/asymmetric unit 2 which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates as listed in Table 16A; a) a powder x-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2θ values (CuKα λ=1.5418 Å) selected from the group consisting of 3.9±0.1, 9.5±0.1, 15.4±0.1, 15.7±0.1, 15.9±0.1, 17.5±0.1, 18.7±0.1, 19.7±0.1 and 20.3±0.1, at room temperature; b) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm at about 167° C. or as shown in FIG. 20; or c) thermal gravimetric analysis curve with negligible weight loss from about room temperature up to 150° C. or as shown in FIG.
 17. 14. The crystalline structure 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate complex Ij form H.5-2 according to claim 2 characterized by one or more of the following: Cell dimensions (at −40° C.): a=11.539(1) Å b=10.199(1) Å c=23.183(1) Å α=103.96 degrees β=97.16 degrees γ=90.25 degrees Space group=P₁ Molecules/asymmetric unit 4 which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates as listed in Table 18; a) a powder x-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2θ values (CuKα λ=1.5418 Å) selected from the group consisting of 3.9±0.1, 8.8±0.1, 15.5±0.1, 15.8±0.1, 16.5±0.1, 17.8±0.1, 19.4±0.1, 19.7±0.1 and 20.8±0.1, at room temperature; b) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm at about 25° C. to 125° C. or as shown in FIG. 21; or c) thermal gravimetric analysis curve with about 1.7% weight loss from about room temperature up to about 125° C. or as shown in FIG.
 18. 15. The crystalline structure as defined in claim 2 which is the 1:1 L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) complex Ik form
 2. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a crystal structure of a compound of formula I as defined in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the (S)-PG crystal structure as defined in claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 wherein said crystal structure is selected from the group consisting of:


19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 wherein said crystalline structure is in substantially pure form.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the crystal structure according to claim 4 in combination with one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an antidiabetic agent, an anti-obesity agent, a anti-hypertensive agent, an anti-atherosclerotic agent and a lipid-lowering agent.
 21. A method of treating diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, delayed wound healing, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, Syndrome X, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis or hypertension, or for increasing high density lipoprotein levels in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically-effective amount of the crystalline structure according to claim
 4. 22. A process of preparing the compound of Formula Ia as defined in claim 5

comprising: reacting a compound of Formula A

in an organic solvent with base and (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of the (S)-PG compound Ia, to yield the compound of Formula Ia.
 23. The process according to claim 22 wherein seeds of (S)-PG compound Ia are added to the reaction mixture to enable formation of crystalline compound Ia.
 24. A process of preparing the compound of Formula Ia as defined in claim 5

comprising: reacting a compound of Formula A

in an organic solvent with base and (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of the (S)-PG compound Ia, to yield the compound of Formula Ia.
 25. A process of preparing the compound of Formula Ib as defined in claim 2

comprising: reacting a compound of Formula A

in an organic solvent with base and (R)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of the (R)-PG compound Ib, to yield the compound of Formula Ib.
 26. A process for preparing a crystalline compound Ia as defined in claim 5, which comprises reacting compound B of the structure

with a reducing agent in the presence of an activating group to form compound I of the structure

reacting compound I with (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of compound Ia to the reaction mixture, in the presence of an organic solvent to form crystalline compound Ia


27. The process as defined in claim 26 wherein the reducing agent is an alkylsilyl hydride and the activating group is a Lewis acid.
 28. The process as defined in claim 26 wherein the reducing agent is triethylsilane, the activating group is BF₃OEt₂ or BF₃.2CH₃OOH.
 29. A process of preparing the compound of Formula Ia as defined in claim 2

which comprises reacting compound If of the structure

with acetic anhydride in the presence of dimethylaminopyridine CH₃CN to form

reacting the above compound with a reducing agent in the presence of an activating group and CH₃CN to form compound I of the structure

reacting the above compound with a base and then with (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of compound Ia to the reaction mixture, in the presence of an organic solvent to form crystalline compound Ia


30. The process as defined in claim 29 wherein the reducing agent is an alkylsilyl hydride and the activating group is a Lewis acid.
 31. The process as defined in claim 29 wherein the reducing agent is triethylsilane, the activating group is BF₃OEt₂ or BF₃.2CH₃OOH.
 32. A crystal structure of

as defined in claim
 2. 33. The crystalline structure of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate of formula If


34. The crystalline structure as defined in claim 33 characterized by one or more unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following: Cell dimensions: a=21.576(7) Å b=6.755(1) Å c=18.335(5) Å α=−degrees β=102.96(1) degrees γ=−degrees Space group C2 Molecules/asymmetric unit 1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at 25° C. and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table 12, or Cell dimensions: a=21.537(4) Å b=6.7273(6) Å c=18.267(3) Å α=−degrees β=102.924(7) degrees γ=−degrees Space group C2 Molecules/asymmetric unit 1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at −50° C., or proton NMR having substantially similar peak positions as listed in Table 2A.
 35. A crystal structure of a compound of the dimethanol solvate structure Ig

characterized by one or more unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following: Cell dimensions: a=20.948(3) Å b=6.794(2) Å c=18.333(2) Å α=−degrees β=102.91(2) degrees γ=−degrees Space group C2 Molecules/asymmetric unit 1 wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at −50° C. and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table 14, or proton NMR having substantially similar peak positions as listed in Table 2B.
 36. A process for preparing a crystalline structure of the formula Ic

as defined in claim 2, which comprises a) providing compound I of the structure

b) dissolving compound I in ethanol while cooling to a temperature within the range from about −10 to about −30° C. to form crystalline compound Ic.
 37. The process as defined in claim 34 including the step of forming compound I by dissolving compound A of the structure

in aqueous alcohol and aqueous base by heating to a boil and then neutralizing with acid to form compound Ic.
 38. A process for preparing the ethylene glycol structure form SB-1, Id

as defined in claim 2, which comprises dissolving compound I of the structure

in aqueous ethylene glycol to form a solution, and adding seeds of the formula Ia (S)-propylene glycol crystal form SC-3

to form crystals of the ethylene glycol structure form SB-1, Id.
 39. A process for preparing the ethylene glycol structure Ie form SB-2

as defined in claim 2, which comprises dissolving compound I of the structure

in aqueous ethylene glycol to form a solution, and adding seeds of the formula Ic crystal (form SA-1)

or ethylene glycol dihydrate crystals form SB-1 Id to form crystals of the ethylene glycol structure (form SB-2), Ie.
 40. A process for preparing the crystalline 1,4-butyne-diol solvate compound If

as defined in claim 33, which comprises a) mixing compound B of the structure

with toluene and ethyl acetate; b) heating the mixture at a temperature within the range from about 50 to about 70° C.; c) adding 1,4-butyne-diol; d) heating the mixture until the diol dissolves; e) adding seeds of compound If to the solution; and f) cooling the mixture to form crystals of compound If.
 41. A process for preparing the dimethanol solvate Ig

which comprises a) treating compound B of the structure

with methanol, a mixture of methanol and toluene, or a mixture of methanol, toluene and heptane, or a mixture of methanol, MTBE and heptane, to form a solution; b) optional adding seeds of the formula Ig dimethanol solvate to the solution; and c) forming crystals of the dimethanol solvate Ig.
 42. A crystalline structure of a compound of formula II

which is the (S)-propylene glycol solvate or the (R)-propylene glycol solvate or a mixture thereof, wherein R¹, R² and R^(2a) are independently hydrogen, OH, OR⁵, alkyl, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —SR^(5a) or halogen; R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, OH, OR^(5b), alkyl, alkene, alkyne, cycloalkyl, CF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, halogen, —CONR⁶R^(6a), —CO₂R^(5c), —CO₂H, COR^(6b), —CH(OH)R^(6c), —CH(OR^(5d))R^(6d), —CN, —NHCOR^(5e), —NHSO₂R^(5f), —NHSO₂Aryl, —SR^(5g), —SOR^(5h), —SO₂R^(5i), —SO₂Aryl, or a five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 or 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂, or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbons to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered carbocycle or heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂; R⁵, R^(5a), R^(5b), R^(5c), R^(5d), R^(5e), R^(5f), R^(5g), R^(5h) and R^(5i) are independently alkyl, alkene or alkyne; and R⁶, R^(6a), R^(6b), R^(6c) and R^(5d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl, or R⁶ and R^(6a) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, O, S, SO, and/or SO₂.
 43. The crystalline structure as defined in claim 42 which is the (S)-propylene glycol solvate.
 44. A process of preparing the compound of Formula II as defined in claim 42

or the corresponding (R)-PG solvate thereof (III), comprising: reacting a compound of Formula C

in an organic solvent with base and (S)-propylene glycol or (R)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of the (S)-PG compound II or corresponding (R)-PG compound III, and recovering crystals of the compound of the (S)-PG solvate Formula II where the Formula II seeds are used or recovering crystals of the (R)-PG solvate of Formula III where the Formula III seeds are used.
 45. The process of claim 44 wherein the propylene glycol is (S)-propylene glycol and the compound formed has the structure II


46. A process for preparing a crystalline compound II as defined in claim 44 which comprises reacting compound E of the structure

with a reducing agent in the presence of an activating group to form compound D of the structure

reacting compound D with (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of compound II to the reaction mixture, in the presence of an organic solvent to form crystalline compound II


47. The process as defined in claim 46 wherein the reducing agent is an alkylsilyl hydride and the activating group is a Lewis acid.
 48. A process for the preparation of the crystalline compound 1:2 complex with L-proline of the structure Ih (form 3)

as defined in claim 2, which comprises the steps of: a) providing compound I of the structure

b) preparing a solution of L-proline in water heated to a temperature within the range from about 70 to about 90° C.; c) treating compound I in an alcohol solvent with a solution of L-proline in water and an alcohol solvent containing about two times the number of moles of L-proline as compound I; and d) cooling the resulting solution to about room temperature to form compound Ih.
 49. A process for preparing the crystalline compound 1:1 complex with L proline of the structure Ii (form 6)

as defined in claim 2, which comprises the steps of: a) providing compound I of the structure

b) treating a solution of compound I in an alcohol solvent with a boiling solution of L-proline in an alcohol/water solvent employing about five times as much compound I as L-proline; and c) cooling the resulting mixture to form compound Ii.
 50. A process for the preparation of the crystalline hemihydrate of the 1:1 complex with L-proline of the structure Ij (form H.5-2) which has the structure

as defined in claim 2, which comprises the steps of: a) providing seed crystals of the 1:1 complex with L-proline Ii

(structure Ii, form 6); b) mixing the seed crystals Ii, form 6 with a cooled solution of L-proline and compound I in an alcohol/water solvent; and c) cooling the resulting mixture to form the hemihydrate structure Ij (form H.5-2).
 51. A process for preparing the 1:1.3 crystalline complex with L-phenylalanine structure Ik form 2

as defined in claim 2, which comprises the steps of: a) forming a solution of L-phenylalanine in water heated at from about 75 to about 85° C.; b) mixing the L-phenylalanine solution with compound I of the structure

c) heating the resulting solution to from about 75 to about 85° C.; and d) allowing the resulting solution to cool to room temperature to form compound Ik.
 52. A process for preparing a compound of the structure

using a non-cryogenic process comprising, in a continuous process, the steps of: a) lithiating an aromatic reactant E of the structure

using a lithium reagent at non-cryogenic temperatures to form a lithiated anion G of the structure

b) coupling the above lithiated anion species G with a carbonyl substituted reactant D of the structure

at non-cryogenic temperatures to form a glycoside H of the structure

c) treating the glycoside H prepared in step b) with an acid to form a desilylated hemiacetal H′

which converts to compound B

d) treating the compound B from step c) with 2-butyne-1,4-diol J in toluene/EtOAc to form crystals of compound If.
 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein said lithiating step is performed at a temperature from about −30° C. to about 20° C.
 54. The method according to claim 52, wherein said lithiating step is performed at a temperature from about −17° C. to about −10° C.
 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein said lithium reagent is selected from the group consisting of n-BuLi, s-BuLi and t-BuLi.
 56. The method according to claim 52, wherein said coupling step is performed at a temperature from about −30° C. to about −10° C. 